Donate today to strengthen global capacity and scientific exchange.

View this email in your browser Help Early-Career Researchers Reach ICID 2026 Every year, talented early-career researchers miss opportunities to share their work simply because they can’t afford to attend an international scientific congress. This November, the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID) will bring together the global infectious diseases community at the upcoming International Congress on Infectious Diseases (ICID) 2026 in Madrid, Spain. Through the ICID 2026 Early-Career Researcher Grant, ISID helps reduce financial barriers by providing travel, accommodation, and registration assistance to promising researchers. This year, demand for travel support exceeds available funding. Your support helps us provide these opportunities to even more early-career researchers. Your support enables researchers, clinicians, microbiologists, epidemiologists, and public health professionals to attend ICID 2026, present their work, build lasting connections, and bring new knowledge back to their home communities. Your generosity helps strengthen global capacity and ensure diverse voices are represented in scientific exchange. Donate to Support ICID 2026 Early-Career Researchers Every contribution, regardless of size, helps open doors for the next generation of infectious disease professionals to attend ICID 2026. Donate today to help shape the future of global health. Connect With Us Copyright (C) 2026 International Society for Infectious Diseases. All rights reserved. You are receiving this email because you opted in via our website. Our mailing address is: International Society for Infectious Diseases 867 Boylston Street Unit 5th Floor #1985 Boston, MA 02116 USA Want to change how you receive these emails? You can update your preferences or unsubscribe

Your support helps expand access to mentorship, research, and scientific exchange worldwide.

View this email in your browser Throughout June, we have highlighted the importance of trusted infectious disease surveillance, scientific collaboration, and timely information sharing in an increasingly complex global health landscape. "As a young researcher, my experience with the ISID Research Grant has been highly rewarding. The grant provided me with the opportunity to connect with outstanding researchers both within my country and internationally." — ISID Research Grant Recipient, Nigeria Behind these efforts are infectious disease professionals around the world working to strengthen preparedness and response. Through grants, education, scientific exchange, and professional development opportunities, ISID helps support the next generation of infectious disease leaders worldwide. For many early-career researchers in low- and middle-income countries, access to mentorship, research support, and international collaboration remains limited. Your support can help sustain the global networks and programs that make these opportunities possible. Whether through a one-time contribution, recurring donation, or Donor-Advised Fund (DAF), your support helps build a stronger future for global infectious disease preparedness and response. Support ISID’s Mission Today → Thank you for supporting the global infectious disease community. Warmest Regards, The ISID Team Connect With Us Copyright (C) 2026 International Society for Infectious Diseases. All rights reserved. You are receiving this email because you opted in via our website. Our mailing address is: International Society for Infectious Diseases 867 Boylston Street Unit 5th Floor #1985 Boston, MA 02116 USA Want to change how you receive these emails? You can update your preferences or unsubscribe

Help sustain global disease surveillance, scientific exchange, and infectious disease collaboration worldwide.

View this email in your browser In a time of growing infectious disease threats worldwide, trusted surveillance, expert reporting, scientific collaboration, and timely information matter more than ever. For more than 40 years, ISID has helped strengthen the global infectious disease community through education, research, mentorship, scientific exchange, and ProMED, one of the world’s leading outbreak reporting and disease surveillance platforms. Global engagement also continues to grow. More than 2,500 abstracts were submitted to ICID 2026, reflecting the growing demand for collaboration, knowledge sharing, and scientific exchange across the international health community. Every day, ISID’s global networks support clinical health experts and allied professionals working to identify, understand, and respond to emerging disease threats, including professionals in low- and middle-income countries where access to resources is limited. As demand for trusted global disease intelligence grows, your support helps sustain the people, platforms, and infrastructure behind this work. Through a one-time or recurring donation, you can help ISID continue supporting: Global outbreak surveillance and reporting through ProMED Infectious disease education and scientific exchange Research mentorship and professional development International collaboration across the One Health community Access to trusted infectious disease resources worldwide ISID also accepts support through Donor-Advised Funds (DAFs). Thank you for supporting trusted global infectious disease networks. Support ISID Today → Warm Regards, The ISID Team Connect With Us Copyright (C) 2026 International Society for Infectious Diseases. All rights reserved. You are receiving this email because you opted in via our website. Our mailing address is: International Society for Infectious Diseases 867 Boylston Street Unit 5th Floor #1985 Boston, MA 02116 USA Want to change how you receive these emails? You can update your preferences or unsubscribe

View this email in your browser Dear friend of ISID, As February comes to a close, there is still time to support ISID through our Share the Love campaign. Your generosity strengthens global infectious disease surveillance, research, education, and outbreak response — particularly in regions where resources are limited and the need is greatest. Every gift helps sustain programs such as ProMED, research grants, AMR initiatives, and international scientific exchange. If you have been considering a contribution, we invite you to join us before the month ends. As a reminder, all eligible gifts made in February will be entered into our ICID 2026 registration raffle — an opportunity to join the global infectious diseases community in Madrid this November. Make Your Gift Before February Ends  → Thank you for being part of the ISID community and for helping us advance prevention, preparedness, and equitable access to infectious disease expertise worldwide. All the best, The ISID Team Connect With Us Copyright (C) 2026 International Society for Infectious Diseases. All rights reserved. You are receiving this email because you opted in via our website. Our mailing address is: International Society for Infectious Diseases 867 Boylston Street Unit 5th Floor #1985 Boston, MA 02116 USA Want to change how you receive these emails? You can update your preferences or unsubscribe

View this email in your browser Dear friend of ISID, As part of ISID’s February fundraising campaign, we want to share how ISID’s grants help researchers grow their work and create lasting impact in global health. One grant recipient, Renier Coetzee from the University of Western Cape, shared how ISID’s early support helped launched important antimicrobial stewardship research in South Africa: “The ISID/Pfizer grant gave the impetus to build upon early pilot work… The data generated filled a fundamental gap in the evidence base and continues to inform antibiotic stewardship measures and guideline development in the region.” The grant also helped build research capacity by mentoring early-career researchers and strengthening local expertise. Stories like this show how ISID’s support creates long-term change–not just short term projects. We’re currently working toward our $250,000 February fundraising goal and every donation counts. If you’re able to support the campaign, all February donors will be entered to win a complimentary registration to ICID 2026*. *All donors will receive one raffle entry, with a one-time bonus entry for donations of $100 or more (regardless of the number of qualifying donations). Complimentary registration does not include travel and accommodation. Support the Campaign → Sincerely, The ISID Team Connect With Us Copyright (C) 2026 International Society for Infectious Diseases. All rights reserved. You are receiving this email because you opted in via our website. Our mailing address is: International Society for Infectious Diseases 867 Boylston Street Unit 5th Floor #1985 Boston, MA 02116 USA Want to change how you receive these emails? You can update your preferences or unsubscribe

View this email in your browser Dear friend of ISID, Thank you so much to everyone who has already supported ISID’s February fundraising campaign. Thanks to your generous support, we’ve already raised $762.83 toward our $250,000 goal. Your support helps early-career researchers build skills, strengthen public health efforts, and advance important scientific work around the world where resources are limited. One of our past Research Capacity Building grant recipients from Nigeria shared: “Receiving the research grant was an incredible experience for me. The fund disbursement was smooth, making project execution seamless. I appreciated the fast feedback, which helped me stay on track and make necessary adjustments quickly. The structured quarterly reporting kept everything organized and transparent. Overall, the grant provided great support, making my research journey both productive and rewarding. It was truly a well-managed and fulfilling opportunity.” ISID’s support has helped researchers across Africa and beyond strengthen public health efforts and advance lifesaving work. If you haven’t had the chance to give yet, there’s still time to support the campaign and be entered into the ICID 2026* registration raffle.  *All donors will receive one raffle entry, with a one-time bonus entry for donations of $100 or more (regardless of the number of qualifying donations). Complimentary registration does not include travel and accommodation. Support the Campaign → Thank you again for being part of the ISID community. Best, The ISID Team Connect With Us Copyright (C) 2026 International Society for Infectious Diseases. All rights reserved. You are receiving this email because you opted in via our website. Our mailing address is: International Society for Infectious Diseases 867 Boylston Street Unit 5th Floor #1985 Boston, MA 02116 USA Want to change how you receive these emails? You can update your preferences or unsubscribe

View this email in your browser Dear friend of ISID, This February, ISID is launching a special fundraising campaign to support global efforts in infectious diseases education, research, and global health collaboration. Our goal is to raise $250,000 to continue strengthening infectious disease preparedness and supporting public health professionals worldwide, especially in regions where it is needed most.  For more than 31 years, ProMED has helped identify outbreaks early — many thanks to our subject matter expert Moderators behind screens. As ProMED’s Dr. Larry Lutwick shared: “Over 31 years, ProMED’s role is to assist in identifying outbreaks at early stages… When the next pandemic erupts, ProMED stands in the forefront in this arena.” Your donation helps secure ProMED’s future and gives free access to those who rely on it most. As a thank you, all February donors will be entered into a raffle to win a complimentary registration to ICID 2026* in Madrid, Spain, this November 10-13, 2026.  *All donors will receive one raffle entry, with a one-time bonus entry for donations of $100 or more (regardless of the number of qualifying donations). Complimentary registration does not include travel+accommodation. Support the Campaign → Gratefully, The ISID Team Connect With Us Copyright (C) 2026 International Society for Infectious Diseases. All rights reserved. You are receiving this email because you opted in via our website. Our mailing address is: International Society for Infectious Diseases 867 Boylston Street Unit 5th Floor #1985 Boston, MA 02116 USA Want to change how you receive these emails? You can update your preferences or unsubscribe

Your generosity helps early-career researchers strengthen public health.

View this email in your browser Thank You for Your Support ✨ Giving Tuesday may have passed, but the impact of your generosity continues. Because of supporters like you, early-career researchers are gaining access to grants, mentorship, training, and real-time disease intelligence that help strengthen public health worldwide. A gift of $50 can still support an early-career public health professional in a low- or middle-income country with enhanced ProMED access, travel to ICID 2026 in Madrid, or participation in ISID’s Research Capacity Building Grants. If you were unable to give yesterday, there is still time to make a difference. Make Your Gift Today Connect With Us Copyright (C) 2025 International Society for Infectious Diseases. All rights reserved. You are receiving this email because you opted in via our website. Our mailing address is: International Society for Infectious Diseases 867 Boylston Street Unit 5th Floor #1985 Boston, MA 02116 USA Want to change how you receive these emails? You can update your preferences or unsubscribe

Your gift can strengthen global health.

View this email in your browser One Day. Big Impact. Today is Giving Tuesday, a global day of generosity, and your support helps early-career researchers to strengthen public health. Give Today Part of ISID’s global network, early-career researchers in Nigeria are strengthening public health through programs like the ISID Research Capacity Building Grants, mentorship, and training opportunities. Here are their words: “This grant formed the basis for my ongoing doctoral study… it made it possible to interact with both local and international researchers in my field.” “The ISID grant was an incredible experience… fast feedback, structured reporting, and real support that made my research journey productive and rewarding.” “The program provided substantial support and mentorship that greatly enhanced my research capacity and professional development.” Your gift helps make stories like these possible. A gift of $50 can support an early-career public health professional in a low- or middle-income country with ProMED access, travel to ICID 2026 in Madrid, or participation in ISID’s Research Capacity Building Grants programs. Join us in strengthening global health responsibility. Give Today Connect With Us Copyright (C) 2025 International Society for Infectious Diseases. All rights reserved. You are receiving this email because you opted in via our website. Our mailing address is: International Society for Infectious Diseases 867 Boylston Street Unit 5th Floor #1985 Boston, MA 02116 USA Want to change how you receive these emails? You can update your preferences or unsubscribe

Join thousands of health professionals worldwide with our new subscription tiers - including a free option with 5 posts per month. Dear ProMED User, August marks the start of ProMED's 31st year of operations. Over the past 31 years, ProMED has been a trusted source for outbreak reporting around the world. This past April we took a big step forward by launching a more modern and sustainable system, with an updated website and user interface that includes new features to better serve our subscribers worldwide. We'd like to thank our many users over the years for their 31 years of support by offering 10% off new subscriptions for all 31 days of August! The discount will be automatically applied at checkout. Subscribe Today! As we mark this milestone, we’re not stopping here. We’re moving full speed ahead planning additional updates for ProMED, continuing to revamp based on user feedback, and building a funding model that no longer makes us entirely reliant on donors. The work isn’t done, but we are on the way. It has been a few months since we launched our new website. We wanted to reach out and make sure you knew about our four different subscription tiers. We specifically wanted to highlight the two that we thought might be most relevant to you: Freemium Plan — This option is for individuals who use ProMED for their personal use. It is free to sign up and allows you to access the full power of our new search tool, and to view the full content of five ProMED posts per month, whether it’s a recent post or a post from our 30 years of historical data. Standard Plan — This option is also for individuals who use ProMED for their personal use. This plan comes with all of the same features of the Freemium Plan, but allows access to the full content of 30 ProMED posts per month. This plan costs $10 USD per month, or $100 USD for the year, but if you subscribe during the month of August, you will receive a 10% discount.  While we recognize that many of our users are upset about our transition to a paid subscription model, we want to assure you that it was only after having exhausted all other avenues that we made this difficult decision. We are glad that so many of our subscribers see the value in ensuring ProMED’s future, and want to share a piece of feedback we heard from one of them: “I'm thrilled you found a way to keep going, especially in this science-toxic environment we now are living with in the USA!” — Mark S. Peppler DPhil, Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Alberta, Canada If you can’t imagine a world without ProMED, please join us now by selecting a subscription plan at https://www.promedmail.org/subscribe. If you have any questions, please contact us here. Sincerely, Julia Maxwell Director of Disease Surveillance ISID ProMED Support 867 Boylston Street, 5th Floor #1985, Boston, MA 02116 Unsubscribe - Unsubscribe Preferences

Save 25% on ProMED subscriptions before May 16th - access critical health alerts at a discount Dear ProMED User, We want to ensure that you don't miss out on your last chance to save 25% on a new ProMED subscription. At the end of the day on May 16th, the 25% promotion that has been running will expire, and the "Freemium" tier will revert back to its normal access of five full ProMED posts per month. By subscribing to the Standard Tier now for one year, you will save $25 and will have access to 30 full posts per month. By subscribing to the Pro Tier now for one year, you will save $250 and have unlimited access to posts as well as the option to have posts emailed to you! Subscribe Today If you haven't already created an account to login and look around, please do! Current subscribers have had the following feedback about the new user interface (UI): Heather D. Marshall (Ph.D., Public Health Content Manager, DynaMed, EBSCO) says the updated ProMED UI is a "more streamlined user interface," and Dale Menges (Pharm.D., Pharmacist at New Mexico State University) says, "Updated format is clean, easy to navigate." We also wanted to share a valuable comment from Mark S. Peppler (DPhil, Adjunct Associate Professor, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada). Mark wrote us and said "Delighted for the search function! I need that for my micro classes!....I'm thrilled you found a way to keep going, especially in this science-toxic environment we now are living with in the USA!" While many current and former ProMED subscribers are understandably upset about the decision to switch from a free, open access model to a paid subscription model with limited email options, it was not made lightly or without regards to the consequences to our longstanding users. The decision came after two full years of soliciting funding from both the public and private sector with limited success. Although ProMED was provided for free for many years, ProMED is far from free to run, with the "free" emails we sent to subscribers being a large line item. With no long-term funding options on the horizon, we were faced with the decision to either shut down completely, or move to a subscription model where we hope, over time, the largest data users will come to the table to pay the bulk of the cost, and our individual, front-line public health and health care workers can continue to access the information they need at low or no cost. It is also worth noting that many of our users believe ProMED is funded in whole or part by the WHO, UN, EIOS, US CDC, etc. Unfortunately that is simply not the case as ProMED has relied almost exclusively on large philanthropic donors whose support we have greatly appreciated, but who also have to make funding decisions that fit with their organization's programming guidance. The subscription model is a work in progress and we value your feedback immensely on how to improve it and other options you'd like to see offered. So, please, take a look around the new website and let us know what you think at support@isid.org. Subscribe Thank you, Jarod Hanson, ProMED Chief Content Officer Julia Maxwell, Director of Disease Surveillance ProMED Support 867 Boylston Street, 5th Floor #1985, Boston, MA 02116 Unsubscribe - Unsubscribe Preferences

Search full text and filter by date, network, diseases, species, and location with our improved tools Dear ProMED User, Since April 16th, visitors to ProMED’s website have seen an updated website and user interface. We hope you will take a minute to subscribe to our “Freemium” tier and have a look around! We have made many changes, and hope you will give them a try. Subscribe Today! Among many improvements subscribers have access to is an updated search feature. Users can now search ProMED’s 30 years of historical data by date, network, diseases, species and/or location, and can filter the results. If you subscribe to the “Freemium” tier before May 17th, you will have access to the full content of 30 ProMED posts, which is normally reserved for “Standard” tier members. As of May 17th, our “Freemium” subscribers will revert back to having access to 5 full posts per month. To date we have received very positive feedback from ProMED users on the new interface. One ProMED user, Dr. Zaharoula Viennas, an Assistant Professor of Pediatrics at in the Children’s Specialty Group at Eastern Virginia Medical School says, “Thank you to the entire team at ProMED for such great work and for all that you do to keep all of us informed and up-to-date on all things ID from around the world. The timely information and scientific articles shared have been invaluable.” Another ProMED User, Prof. Dr. Christian Griot, the former head of the Institute of Virology and Immunology at the University of Bern, says, “It's worth the 100 US dollars, especially now.” Sign up for ProMED today to take advantage of these additional “Freemium” tier benefits. If you choose to upgrade your subscription before May 17th, you will also receive 25% off of your subscription purchase.  Subscribe Today! We hope you enjoy the new ProMED experience and we welcome your feedback at support@isid.org. Thank you! Jarod Hanson, ProMED Chief Content Officer Julia Maxwell, Director of Disease Surveillance ProMED Support 9 Babcock St, Unit 3, Brookline, MD 02446 Unsubscribe - Unsubscribe Preferences

MALARIA - BELIZE: FIRST CASES IN 6 YEARS
****************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org

Date: Wed 16 Apr 2025
Source: Associates Times [abridged, edited]
https://associatestimes.com/news/malaria-returns-to-belize-after-6-year-hiatus-4-cases-confirmed-in-2025


Malaria returns to Belize after 6-year hiatus: 4 cases confirmed in
2025
---------------------------------------------------------------
After 6 years of being malaria-free, Belize has confirmed 4 cases of
the disease in 2025. This has raised an alarming concern among
citizens of the nation as the country has recently experienced a major
outbreak of measles after a period of almost 30 years. The return of
these infectious diseases have highlighted the need for preventive
measures and for the public to remain vigilant regarding their health.
While confirming the cases of malaria, the Ministry of Health and
Wellness emphasized their efforts to prevent the re-establishment of
the diseases and reiterated their committed to making Belize a healthy
nation once again.

As per reports shared by the Health Authorities, the first case of
malaria was detected in January 2025, followed by the other cases
detected on 11 Mar and 5 Apr [2025]. Out of the 4 cases confirmed in
2025, 3 of them were originated in the nation and one imported from
Guatemala.

With a vision to make Belize a malaria-free nation, the ministry has
launched comprehensive response activities, which include the vector
control efforts like fogging, larviciding, and house-to-house fever
screenings. The authorities have also aimed at introduced community
awareness campaigns in order to ensure that the citizens of the nation
receive symptoms and understand prevention strategies. The Ministry is
also actively testing individuals who currently have or had a fever
within the past 30 days. They have also urged such citizens to visit
the nearest health facility for free malaria testing.

Malaria is spread by the bite of an infected female _Anopheles_
mosquito. It is also spread by transfusion of blood from infected
people or by the use of contaminated (dirty) needles or syringes. It
is crucial for the patients to receive thorough medical treatment for
the betterment of their health.

There are certain measures that can be taken to avoid mosquito bites:
- Apply mosquito repellent to exposed skin.
- Drape mosquito netting over beds.
- Put screens on windows and doors.
- Treat clothing, mosquito nets, tents, sleeping bags, and other
fabrics with an insect repellent called permethrin.
- Wear long pants and long sleeves to cover skin.
- Eliminate standing water around homes.

[Byline: Amara Campbell]

--
Communicated by:
ProMED

[The report does not state which species of _Plasmodium_ were
identified in the cases and where in the country they were found. Of
note, 3 of the cases were autochthonous in nature (locally acquired).
- Mod.LL

ProMED map:
Belize: https://promedmail.org/promed-post?place=8723722,19]

[See Also:
2024
----
Malaria - Mexico: (OA) migrants, increase
http://promedmail.org/post/20241112.8719962
Malaria - USA (04): (AR) vivax, autochthonous, 2023
http://promedmail.org/post/20241025.8719587
Malaria - USA (03): (CA) vivax, Chinese immigrants
http://promedmail.org/post/20240516.8716545
Malaria - USA (02): CDC, 3 southern border jurisdictions, increased
importations, 2023 http://promedmail.org/post/20240510.8716419
Malaria - USA (01): (OR) falciparum, probable prolonged presentation,
ex Africa, 2022 http://promedmail.org/post/20240113.8714202
2023
----
Malaria - Americas (16): USA (MD) autochthonous, falciparum, CDC
http://promedmail.org/post/20231012.8712600
Malaria - Americas (15): (Canada) ex Philippines, Plasmodium knowlesi
http://promedmail.org/post/20231007.8712508
Malaria - Americas (14): USA (AR) autochthonous
http://promedmail.org/post/20231005.8712469
Malaria - Americas (13): Costa Rica (PU)
http://promedmail.org/post/20230929.8712370
Malaria - Americas (12): USA (FL, TX) CDC
http://promedmail.org/post/20230908.8712013
Malaria - Americas (11): USA (MD) 1st report in 40 years
http://promedmail.org/post/20230819.8711760
Malaria - Americas (11): Colombia, increase in incidence
http://promedmail.org/post/20230723.8711323
Malaria - Americas (10): USA (FL) autochthonous
http://promedmail.org/post/20230718.8711230
Malaria - Americas (09): USA (FL, TX) autochthonous, update
http://promedmail.org/post/20230709.8711042
Malaria - Americas (08): USA (FL, TX) autochthonous, CDC, alert
http://promedmail.org/post/20230629.8710856
Malaria - Americas (07): USA (TX) autochthonous
http://promedmail.org/post/20230625.8710761
Malaria - Americas (06): USA (FL) autochthonous, RFI
http://promedmail.org/post/20230623.8710719
Malaria - Americas (05): Colombia, Venezuela
http://promedmail.org/post/20230501.8709785
Malaria - Americas (04): USA, imported, ex Liberia, fatal
http://promedmail.org/post/20230427.8709737
Malaria - Americas (03): (Costa Rica, Panama)
http://promedmail.org/post/20230424.8709665
Malaria - Americas (02): Costa Rica (LI)
http://promedmail.org/post/20230409.8709416
Malaria - Americas: Panama, increase
http://promedmail.org/post/20230315.8708952

Note: This content and the data herein may not be copied, reproduced,
scraped, redistributed, reused, or repurposed alone or together with
any other data without the express consent of ISID or as permitted
under ISID's Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.]
.................................................ll/mo/tw/jh
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thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information
posted or archived by ProMED. ISID and its associated service providers shall not
be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred
as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material.
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HAND, FOOT & MOUTH DISEASE - VIET NAM (02): (HANOI) SEVERE
COMPLICATIONS
************************************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org

Date: Tue 15 Apr 2025
Source: VN Express [in Vietnamese, machine trans., edited]
https://vnexpress.net/be-gai-suyt-chet-do-bien-chung-tay-chan-mieng-4874253.html


Girl almost dies from hand-foot-mouth disease complications
----------------------------------------------------------------
A 14-month-old girl suddenly had high fever, convulsions, respiratory
failure, and circulatory failure due to grade 4 hand-foot-mouth
disease complications.

On 15 Apr 2025, Dr. Nguyen Thi Lan Anh, Department of Paediatric
Intensive Care, Duc Giang General Hospital, said that the patient was
admitted to the hospital in serious condition, with many ulcers in the
throat, many blisters on the buttocks, respiratory failure, and
circulatory failure. Before that, the child had rashes on the groin
and thighs, and was taken to the emergency room when she had a high
fever and convulsions all over her body.

The medical team placed an endotracheal tube, put the child on a
ventilator, and used high doses of vasopressors. After 4 hours of
treatment, the child's condition did not improve, with a persistent
high fever, requiring gradually increasing doses of vasopressors.

According to the doctors, the baby had level 4 hand-foot-mouth
disease, "which progressed very quickly in less than 24 hours, with
central nervous system damage accompanied by respiratory and
circulatory failure." The consultation team decided to put the baby on
continuous dialysis for 40 hours.

After 5 days of treatment, the child's health was stable, vasopressors
and sedatives were stopped, the ventilator was removed, and the
endotracheal tube was removed. Currently, the child is awake,
breathing well on her own; hemodynamics are stable, and [she is]
eating better.

Hand-foot-mouth disease is an infectious disease caused by an
intestinal virus, transmitted from person to person mainly through the
digestive tract. The disease occurs year-round and occurs in all ages
but is common in children under 5 years old.

The main manifestation is skin and mucosal lesions in the form of
blisters in special locations such as the oral mucosa, palms, soles,
buttocks, and knees. The disease can cause many dangerous
complications such as encephalitis, meningitis, myocarditis, and acute
pulmonary edema leading to death if not detected early and treated
promptly.

Doctors advise families not to worry too much when their children show
signs of hand-foot-mouth disease, but also not to be subjective. When
children show symptoms such as a high fever that is difficult to
reduce, poor appetite, startle, trembling hands and feet, crying for
no reason, irritability, and vomiting a lot, they need to see a doctor
and get timely treatment.

[Byline: Thuy An]

--
Communicated by:
ProMED
via
ProMED-MBDS

["In southern Viet Nam, an outbreak of acute encephalitis associated
with HFMD was reported in Ho Chi Minh City in 2003. In 2005, 764
children were diagnosed with HFMD in Ho Chi Minh City through sentinel
surveillance at the largest pediatric hospital, with most cases
(96.2%) being 5 years of age or younger. All patients provided
specimens, and HEV was isolated from 411 patients. Of those, 173
(42.1%) were identified as EV71 and 214 (52.1%) as CA16. Of those
patients with EV71 infections, 51 (29.3%) were complicated by acute
neurological disease and 3 (1.7%) were fatal.

"In 2006-2007, sentinel surveillance at the same hospital reported 305
cases diagnosed as neurological disease, of which 36 cases (11%), and
3 deaths (0.01%), were associated with EV71.

"In 2007, 2008, and 2009, the numbers of reported and fatal cases were
5719 and 23, 10 958 and 25, and 10 632 and 23, respectively. The
majority of the cases were in the southern part of the country.

"In northern Viet Nam, EV71/C4 has only been identified in one patient
with acute encephalitis since 2003. Between 2005 and 2007, EV71/C5 was
identified in 7 patients with acute flaccid paralysis. All cases were
under 5 years of age. During 2008, 88 cases of HFMD were reported from
13 provinces. The results of virus isolation from the 88 cases
confirmed that 33 (37.5%) isolates were enterovirus-positive,
including 9 (27.3%) with EV71, 23 (69.7%) with CA16, and one with
CA10. No severe or fatal cases were reported. The majority of cases
were under 5 years of age."

"Observational studies of the spectrum of disease during previous
outbreaks suggest that severe disease is characterized by 3 distinct
stages: those with CNS involvement, those with ANS [autonomic nervous
system] dysregulation, and, later, those with frank cardiopulmonary
failure, including pulmonary oedema or haemorrhage. Those presenting
with neurological signs indicative of CNS involvement but without
signs of autonomic system dysregulation, such as persistent resting
tachycardia, hypertension, or profuse sweating, can be considered to
be in the CNS involvement stage (early stage of severe disease). This
can manifest as aseptic meningitis, brainstem encephalitis, and
encephalomyelitis (including acute flaccid paralysis)"
(https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/207490/9789290615255_eng.pdf).

Attending physicians often face the challenges of clearly
communicating specific danger signs to parents, who may request
admission at the early course of the disease for fear of serious
health outcomes. - Mod.ST

ProMED map:
Hanoi, Ha Nội, Vietnam:
https://promedmail.org/promed-post?place=8723721,63331]

[See Also:
Hand, foot & mouth disease - Viet Nam: (HC) increase
http://promedmail.org/post/20250402.8723339
2024
----
Hand, foot & mouth disease - Viet Nam (05): (HC) increase
http://promedmail.org/post/20240601.8716809
Hand, foot and mouth disease - Viet Nam (04): (HC) increase
http://promedmail.org/post/20240522.8716646
Hand, foot & mouth disease - Viet Nam (03): (HI) peak season
http://promedmail.org/post/20240424.8716143
Hand, foot & mouth disease - Viet Nam (02): (HC) increase
http://promedmail.org/post/20240422.8716087
Hand, foot & mouth disease - Viet Nam: (HI) increase
http://promedmail.org/post/20240312.8715328
2020
----
Hand, foot & mouth disease update - Viet Nam: (HC)
http://promedmail.org/post/20201004.7835796
2018
----
Hand, foot & mouth disease update (10): Viet Nam, USA (CT), Australia
(QL) http://promedmail.org/post/20181020.6100738

Note: This content and the data herein may not be copied, reproduced,
scraped, redistributed, reused, or repurposed alone or together with
any other data without the express consent of ISID or as permitted
under ISID's Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.]
.................................................st/may/st/tw/jh
*##########################################################*
************************************************************
ProMED makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy
and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based
thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information
posted or archived by ProMED. ISID and its associated service providers shall not
be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred
as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material.
************************************************************
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MEASLES - CANADA (20): (ALBERTA)
********************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org

Date: Wed 16 Apr 2025
Source: NBC Montana [edited]
https://nbcmontana.com/news/local/alberta-health-officials-warn-of-measles-case-in-canmore-banff-calgary-area


Alberta health officials warn of measles case in Canmore, Banff,
Calgary area
--------------------------------------------
The number of measles cases reported in recent outbreaks in Alberta
has risen to 77 cases, including a new case reported Tuesday [15 April
2025] to have been out in public while contagious in multiple settings
in Canmore, Banff, and Calgary. Of the 77 cases, 69 are now past their
period of communicability.

Health officials are warning that people may have been exposed to the
most recent case in the Calgary area in the following settings:

6 Apr 2025
Canmore - Save-On-Foods
950 Railway Ave. #2, Canmore AB
Exposure time period: Approx. 5 a.m. - 3 p.m.

7-10 Apr 2025
Calgary - Delmar College of Hair and Esthetics
5915 1a St. SW, Calgary AB
Exposure time period: Approx. 8:30 a.m. - 6:30 p.m.

11 Apr 2025
Banff - Lux Cinema
229 Bear St. Banff AB
Exposure time period: 4 p.m. - 7:45 p.m.

11 Apr 2025
Banff - Fairmont Banff Springs - Bowl Valley Five Pin & Pints
405 Spray Ave. Banff AB
Exposure time period: 6:30 p.m. - 11 p.m.

11 Apr 2025
Banff - Downtown Sally
229 Bear St. Banff AB
Exposure time period: 3:30 p.m. - 6 p.m.

The health department advises, "Anyone who attended these locations at
these times who was born in or after 1970 and has less than 2
documented doses of measles-containing vaccine is at risk for
developing measles and is strongly encouraged to review their
immunization records and monitor themselves for symptoms of measles."

Symptoms of measles include
- fever of 38.3 deg C (100.9 deg F) or higher; and
- cough, runny nose, and/or red eyes; and
- a red blotchy rash that appears 3 to 7 days after fever starts,
beginning behind the ears and on the face and spreading down the body
and then to the arms and legs.

--
Communicated by:
ProMED

[Although cases of measles in 2025 have been reported in most of the
Canadian provinces, the numbers are highest in southwestern Ontario.

Measles can be very dangerous, and it's especially likely to cause
serious complications such as
- encephalitis
- pneumonia
- deafness, and
- intellectual disability.

Even a single dose of the vaccine is highly effective in preventing
infection. Under usual circumstances, it is recommended that the
measles vaccine be given at 12 to 15 months and again at age 4 to 6
years. If exposure to measles is likely, however, either because of
planned travel to an area where measles occurs more frequently or
because of possible exposure during an outbreak, the second dose can
be given as soon as one month after the first, leading to 99%
protection. Also, when exposure is more likely, infants between 6 and
12 months of age can be immunized. Because the vaccine is less
effective at that age, a baby who receives the measles vaccine before
age 1 should later get 2 more doses under the regular schedule.

Additionally, besides all of the above, measles infection can cause an
immunologic amnesia, increasing susceptibility to other pathogens:

Behrens L, Cherry JD, Heininger U, Swiss Measles Immune Amnesia Study
Group. The susceptibility to other infectious diseases following
measles during a 3-year observation period in Switzerland. Pediatr
Infect Dis J. 2020;39(6):478-482.
https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000002599
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract
--------
"Background: Measles virus infection leads to significant
immunosuppression. In developing countries, this translates to an
increased nonspecific mortality, whereas its effects in developed
countries are less clear.

"Methods: We performed a cohort study to investigate whether children
hospitalized with measles (cases) between 2000 and 2015 in Switzerland
would have a higher frequency of hospital admissions due to other
infectious diseases thereafter than children who did not have measles
(controls). Cases were identified by ICD-10 discharge diagnoses for
measles and/or keyword search and matched to 2 controls by time of
hospitalization, age, and sex. All hospitalizations ≤3 years after
original admission, infectious or noninfectious in origin, were
identified in cases and controls.

"Results: One hundred thirteen cases (56% males), mean age 9.0 years
(range 2 weeks-17.8 years), and 196 controls were identified. Twelve
rehospitalizations due to an infectious disease occurred in 11 cases
and 6 in 6 controls (episode rates 0.106 vs 0.031 per person; ratio
3.47; 95% CI: 1.20-11.3; P = 0.012) in 3 years of follow-up. Of these,
9 and 3 occurred in cases and controls, respectively, during year 1
[ratio 5.20 (95% CI: 1.30-29.88; P = 0.012)]. Infectious diseases
following measles affected various organ systems, were neither
particularly severe nor fatal and revealed no specific pattern.

"Conclusions: The increased risk for nonspecific infectious disease
hospitalizations supports the concept of immunologic amnesia after
measles. Universal immunization against measles provides additional
benefit beyond protection against measles itself." - Mod.LL

ProMED map:
Alberta Province, Canada:
https://promedmail.org/promed-post?place=8723714,263]

[See Also:
Measles - Canada (19): (PE)
http://promedmail.org/post/20250414.8723645
Measles - Canada (18): (ON, AB, SK)
http://promedmail.org/post/20250406.8723424
Measles - Canada (17): (ON, SK)
http://promedmail.org/post/20250327.8723196
Measles - Canada (16): (ON) transmission links
http://promedmail.org/post/20250325.8723127
Measles - Canada (15): (SK)
http://promedmail.org/post/20250317.8722939
Measles - Canada (14): (AB)
http://promedmail.org/post/20250316.8722909
Measles - Canada (13): government statistics
http://promedmail.org/post/20250314.8722821
Measles - Canada (12): (QC, ON) alert
http://promedmail.org/post/20250312.8722774
Measles - Canada (11): PHAC, alert
http://promedmail.org/post/20250310.8722736
Measles - Canada (10): (QC)
http://promedmail.org/post/20250304.8722567
Measles - Canada (09): (ON) increased caseload
http://promedmail.org/post/20250301.8722485
Measles - Canada (08): (QC, ON)
http://promedmail.org/post/20250224.8722392
Measles - Canada (07): (ON, BC)
http://promedmail.org/post/20250222.8722317
Measles - Canada (06): (BC) international traveler
http://promedmail.org/post/20250217.8722201
Measles - Canada (05): (ON) more cases in the unimmunized
http://promedmail.org/post/20250216.8722184
Measles - Canada (04): (ON) more cases in the unimmunized
http://promedmail.org/post/20250213.8722086
Measles - Canada (03): (MB, ON)
http://promedmail.org/post/20250206.8721872
Measles - Canada (02): (ON) health-care venues exposures
http://promedmail.org/post/20250202.8721761
Measles - Canada: (ON) http://promedmail.org/post/20250131.8721742
2024
----
Measles - Canada (08): (BC, ON, NB) ex Philippines, airplane exposure,
alert http://promedmail.org/post/20241030.8719699
Measles - Canada (07): more cases, potential vaccine shortage
http://promedmail.org/post/20240322.8715558
Measles - USA, Canada: up to date numbers
http://promedmail.org/post/20240317.8715438
Measles - Canada (06): (BC)
http://promedmail.org/post/20240304.8715179
Measles - Canada (05): (QC)
http://promedmail.org/post/20240303.8715157
Measles - Canada (04): (ON) local source suspected
http://promedmail.org/post/20240302.8715147
Measles - Canada (03): (ON) international traveler
http://promedmail.org/post/20240215.8714872
Measles - Canada (02): (QC) Montreal ex Africa
http://promedmail.org/post/20240209.8714743
Measles - Americas: PAHO http://promedmail.org/post/20240203.8714646
Measles - Canada (01): (SK) international travel
http://promedmail.org/post/20240120.8714348

Note: This content and the data herein may not be copied, reproduced,
scraped, redistributed, reused, or repurposed alone or together with
any other data without the express consent of ISID or as permitted
under ISID's Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.]
.................................................ll/tw/jh
*##########################################################*
************************************************************
ProMED makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy
and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based
thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information
posted or archived by ProMED. ISID and its associated service providers shall not
be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred
as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material.
************************************************************
Donate to ProMED. Details available at: https://isid.networkforgood.com/projects/79924-invest-in-the-mission.
************************************************************
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If you have any questions or need support, please contact us via the ProMED website at https://promedmail.org/support/.

PERTUSSIS - COLOMBIA (03): (BOGOTA)
***********************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org

Date: Tue 15 Apr 2025
Source: Infobae, Argentina [in Spanish, machine trans., abridged,
edited]
https://www.infobae.com/colombia/2025/04/15/alerta-por-dramatico-aumento-de-casos-de-tos-ferina-en-bogota-en-medellin-tambien-estudian-evolucion-de-la-enfermedad/


Alert due to dramatic increase in whooping cough cases in Bogotá
------------------------------------------------------------
The increase in cases of whooping cough, a highly contagious disease,
has set off alarm bells in the Colombian capital. Bogotá's Secretary
of Health, Gerson Bermont, stated that so far in 2025, 107 cases of
this disease have been recorded, which represents a drastic increase
compared to the 11 reported during all of 2024. The epidemiological
surveillance system has also identified 390 probable cases, 4 times
more than the same period in 2024.

According to data presented by the Bogotá Ministry of Health, the
highest incidence is in children under 5 years of age, for whom the
risk of severe complications is greater. Diana Walteros, deputy
director of Public Health Surveillance for the entity, explained to
Blu Radio that this disease can be serious in children under 1 year of
age, especially those under 6 months old. It presents with coughing
fits and difficulty breathing, and the child may turn purple. She
urged parents to seek immediate medical attention if any suspicious
symptoms appear.

The impact of whooping cough has been unevenly distributed in the
capital. According to reports from the Ministry of Health, the towns
of San Cristóbal and Ciudad Bolívar lead the list of confirmed
cases, with 19 and 17, respectively, followed by Usme and Kennedy,
which have registered 9 each.

The analysis also details the most affected age groups: 70 cases
correspond to children under 5, 12 to children between 5 and 14 years
old, while 18 infections have occurred in adults. Walteros emphasized
to the media that, although children are the most vulnerable
population, adolescents and adults can act as silent transmitters, so
preventive measures must cover all ages.

In response to the increase in infections, the Bogotá Health
Secretariat has intensified its vaccination strategies, offering this
service free of charge at more than 200 locations throughout the city.
Educational campaigns on preventive measures, such as the use of masks
by people with respiratory symptoms and constant handwashing, have
also been strengthened. Authorities also recommend that pregnant women
receive the corresponding dose to protect newborns during their first
months of life.

Meanwhile, in Medellín, the situation is different. The city's
Ministry of Health confirmed that only 6 cases of whooping cough have
been recorded so far in 2025, with no evidence of an outbreak.
However, a significant increase in acute respiratory infections (ARI)
has local authorities on alert. So far in 2025, more than 138 600
outpatient consultations for ARI have been recorded, representing a
10% increase compared to the same period in 2025.

Rita Elena Almanza, head of Epidemiology in Medellín, shared her
concern about the impact of these infections: "We could say that we do
have a respiratory peak. It's important to draw attention to it
because those nearly 600 weekly hospitalizations correspond, for the
most part, 80%, to adults over 70 years of age, but also to young
children," she told Caracol Radio.

Regarding preventive measures, influenza vaccination has been
prioritized in Medellín, especially for at-risk groups such as
children aged 6 to 23 months, pregnant women, older adults, and people
with comorbidities.

[Byline: Diego Alejandro Buitrago]

--
Communicated by:
ProMED
via
ProMED-ESP

[Pertussis has always occurred in waves, with some years having many
more cases than others. If this is combined with an inadequate
immunization rate, dramatic increases can occur. Access to vaccination
in remote areas is always problematic.

The mortality from pertussis is primarily in infants. Neonatal
pertussis is observed to be especially severe, with as much as a 3%
risk of death. Symptoms can be substantially different, with periods
of apnea (breathing arrest), sometimes with hypoxia-induced (low
oxygen) seizures, usually the most common manifestation of infection.
The cough is present but so weak that it may be unrecognized.

In children with so-called malignant pertussis, leukocytosis,
particularly with white blood cell (WBC) counts of 30 000 to 100 000,
and severe pulmonary hypertension are ominous signs for mortality. In
a study comparing neonatal pertussis with other neonatal respiratory
infections, pertussis-positive neonates had longer hospital stays,
less fever, and more apnea and cyanosis spells; required more days of
supplemental oxygen in the hospital; and represented all the infants
discharged on respiratory supportive care.

In the USA, cocooning immunization is suggested by immunizing not only
the mother but also the father, as well as grandparents or any persons
likely to spend significant time with the infant. In the developing
world, such a process can be difficult.

A 2014 publication confirms the safety of maternal pertussis
immunization (Kharbanda EO, Vazquez-Benitez G, Lipkind HS, et al.
Evaluation of the association of maternal pertussis vaccination with
obstetric events and birth outcomes. JAMA. 2014;312:1897-1904.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.14825). - Mod.LL

ProMED map:
Bogotá, Colombia:
https://promedmail.org/promed-post?place=8723720,55157]

[See Also:
Pertussis - Mexico (03): more cases, fatalities
http://promedmail.org/post/20250412.8723608
Pertussis - Peru: (LO) alert
http://promedmail.org/post/20250321.8723046
Pertussis - Mexico (02): infant, fatal, alert
http://promedmail.org/post/20250310.8722730
Pertussis - Mexico: increased cases
http://promedmail.org/post/20250305.8722628
Pertussis - Colombia (02): (Bogota) infant death
http://promedmail.org/post/20250303.8722541
Pertussis - Colombia: (AN) indigenous people, fatalities
http://promedmail.org/post/20250218.8722246
Pertussis - Bolivia: (SC) fatal
http://promedmail.org/post/20250213.8722091
Pertussis - Brazil: dramatic increases, fatalities
http://promedmail.org/post/20250120.8721412
2024
----
Pertussis - Bolivia: (SC) http://promedmail.org/post/20241212.8720598
Pertussis - Spain, USA http://promedmail.org/post/20240903.8718526
Pertussis - Honduras: (CM) infant, fatal
http://promedmail.org/post/20240828.8718432
Pertussis - UK (03): infant mortality
http://promedmail.org/post/20240613.8717011
Pertussis - USA (03): increasing case numbers
http://promedmail.org/post/20240602.8716819
Vaccine-preventable diseases - Guinea: update, alert
http://promedmail.org/post/20240525.8716710
Pertussis - USA (02): (OR)
http://promedmail.org/post/20240516.8716532
Pertussis - Malaysia: (KN) fatal
http://promedmail.org/post/20240401.8715729
Pertussis - Philippines (02): (MM) fatal
http://promedmail.org/post/20240326.8715624
Pertussis - Netherlands: pediatric fatalities
http://promedmail.org/post/20240320.8715498
Pertussis, diphtheria - Czech Republic: case surge, alert
http://promedmail.org/post/20240314.8715389
Pertussis - Philippines: (II) fatal
http://promedmail.org/post/20240218.8714915
Pertussis - UK (02): increased spread
http://promedmail.org/post/20240213.8714810
Pertussis - UK: 636 suspected cases
http://promedmail.org/post/20240128.8714502
Pertussis - Maldives: (GA)
http://promedmail.org/post/20240127.8714491
Pertussis update (01): USA (PA)
http://promedmail.org/post/20240107.8714112

Note: This content and the data herein may not be copied, reproduced,
scraped, redistributed, reused, or repurposed alone or together with
any other data without the express consent of ISID or as permitted
under ISID's Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.]
.................................................jt/ll/tw/jh
*##########################################################*
************************************************************
ProMED makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy
and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based
thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information
posted or archived by ProMED. ISID and its associated service providers shall not
be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred
as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material.
************************************************************
Donate to ProMED. Details available at: https://isid.networkforgood.com/projects/79924-invest-in-the-mission.
************************************************************
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If you have any questions or need support, please contact us via the ProMED website at https://promedmail.org/support/.

CRIMEAN-CONGO HEMORRHAGIC FEVER - IRAQ (04): (KIRKUK) NEW CASES
***************************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org

[1]
Date: Wed 16 Apr 2025
Source: Shafaq News [in Arabic, trans. Mod.NS, abridged, edited]
https://bit.ly/4lDei7W


A source in the Kirkuk Health Department reported on Wednesday [16 Apr
2025] the registration of a 2nd confirmed case of Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever in the governorate.

The source said the new case was recorded in the Taza Khurmatu
subdistrict, south of Kirkuk. The infected person works in
slaughtering or has direct contact with livestock. The source
suggested the infection likely resulted from direct contact with
infected animals or a tick bite.

The source added that the infected person was transferred to Al-Shifa
Hospital for treatment. At the same time, health teams began
conducting the necessary tests on those in contact with the patient
and taking the necessary preventive measures in the area to prevent
the spread of the virus.

The source pointed out that Kirkuk had recorded its 1st case of
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever yesterday, Tuesday [15 Apr 2025], in
Daquq District.

--
Communicated by:
ProMED
via
ProMED-MENA

[Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is a zoonotic tick-borne viral
disease. People working with livestock and handling animal tissues,
such as butchers and slaughterhouse workers, are at high risk of
infection. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is endemic in Iraq, and
large outbreaks have occurred over the past 3 years (2022-2024).

The new case of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever reported in the post
above is the 2nd case recorded in Kirkuk governorate in 2025 after the
1st case was recorded yesterday [15 Apr 2025] in a nearby area (see
section [2] below).

Wearing protective clothing while handling animals and their tissues,
using repellent on the skin and clothing, and treating animals with
pesticides are the primary protective measures against Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever. - Mod.NS]

******
[2]
Date: Tue 15 Apr 2025 05:14 AST
Source: Shafaq News [in Arabic, summ. & trans. Mod.NS, abridged,
edited]
https://bit.ly/4lB3ya8


A source in the Kirkuk Health Department reported on Tuesday [15 Apr
2025] the first confirmed case of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in
2025 in one of the governorate's districts.

The source explained that "Kirkuk Health Department recorded the first
case of hemorrhagic fever in Daquq District, south of the governorate.
The infected person worked in slaughtering or handling livestock,
which suggests he contracted the disease through direct contact with
infected animals or through a tick bite."

The source added that "the infected person was transferred to Al-Shifa
Hospital to receive the necessary treatment, while health authorities
began conducting the necessary tests on those in contact with him and
implementing preventive measures in the area."

--
Communicated by:
ProMED
via
ProMED-MENA

[ProMED map of Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq:
https://promedmail.org/promed-post?place=8723715,25540]

[See Also:
Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Iraq (03): tick control campaign
http://promedmail.org/post/20250410.8723542
Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Iraq (02): (NI) new case
http://promedmail.org/post/20250330.8723271
Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Iraq: (DQ) new case
http://promedmail.org/post/20250308.8722701
2024
----
Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Asia (27): Iraq, MOH update
http://promedmail.org/post/20241016.8719421
Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Asia (25): Iraq, MOH update
http://promedmail.org/post/20240925.8718982
Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Asia (21): Iraq (DA) new cases
http://promedmail.org/post/20240914.8718749
Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Asia (20): Iraq (NI) susp.
http://promedmail.org/post/20240830.8718464
Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Asia (18): Pakistan, Iraq
http://promedmail.org/post/20240815.8718168
Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Asia (17): Iraq (NI) susp.
http://promedmail.org/post/20240729.8717818
Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Asia (15): Iraq, update
http://promedmail.org/post/20240710.8717494
Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Asia (14): Iraq (DQ) update
http://promedmail.org/post/20240706.8717426
Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Asia (13): Iraq (AR) new cases
http://promedmail.org/post/20240703.8717349
Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Asia (10): Iraq (SL, DQ) new cases, RFI
http://promedmail.org/post/20240630.8717279
Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Asia (09): Iraq
http://promedmail.org/post/20240628.8717275
Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Asia (07): Iraq (NI) new cases, fatal
http://promedmail.org/post/20240621.8717150
Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Asia (06): Iraq (DQ) research
http://promedmail.org/post/20240609.8716933
Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Asia (05): Iraq (DI) new case, fatal
http://promedmail.org/post/20240531.8716789
Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Asia (04): Iraq (DA) new cases, fatal
http://promedmail.org/post/20240523.8716675
Crimean-Congo hem. fever - Asia (03): Iraq (TS) new cases, MOH update
http://promedmail.org/post/20240518.8716587
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - Asia (02): Iraq (NI)
http://promedmail.org/post/20240510.8716427

Note: This content and the data herein may not be copied, reproduced,
scraped, redistributed, reused, or repurposed alone or together with
any other data without the express consent of ISID or as permitted
under ISID's Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.]
.................................................mo/ns/rd/gmm/tw/may/jh
*##########################################################*
************************************************************
ProMED makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy
and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based
thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information
posted or archived by ProMED. ISID and its associated service providers shall not
be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred
as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material.
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RESEARCH & INNOVATION (71): SALMONELLA INFECTIONS, INTRAMACROPHAGE
ACTIVITY, HUMAN, ANIMAL
******************************************************************************************
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ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org

Date: Mon 14 Apr 2025
Source: Phys.org [edited]
https://phys.org/news/2025-04-pathoblocker-salmonella-infections-early.html


New pathoblocker can stop _Salmonella_ infections early on
----------------------------------------------------------
Pathogenic _Salmonella_ injects effector proteins into the cells of
the gastrointestinal tract to penetrate and multiply within them. The
bacteria are usually ingested with contaminated food. They can cause
serious gastrointestinal inflammation and even systemic infections.

Now, an international research team led by Professor Samuel Wagner of
the University of Tübingen Cluster of Excellence Controlling Microbes
to Fight Infections (CMFI) and the German Center for Infection
Research (DZIF) has discovered a substance that can stop the process
of infection early on.

The synthetic substance C26 inhibits the injection of effector
proteins, and it could be developed into a drug for combating
_Salmonella_ infections in humans and animals. The discovery has been
published in the journal Science Advances. _Salmonella_ has developed
multiple resistance mechanisms to antibiotics that inhibit its growth
or kill the bacteria. As a result, alternative treatment is urgently
needed. Pathoblockers present such an alternative. The discovered
substance acts early, before the bacteria penetrate the tissues, by
specifically targeting and disrupting the infectious mechanisms of the
pathogen.

"As a medication, it has a very specific and targeted effect against
_Salmonella_. According to today's knowledge, the probability would
therefore be much lower that _Salmonella_ would acquire resistance
against these substances from other bacteria," says Wagner.

Targeting the central regulator
-------------------------------
While attacking their target tissue in the gastrointestinal tract,
_Salmonella_ set in motion secretion systems that rely on several
(transcriptional) regulators.

"Among these regulators, one named HilD has a central role in the
entry of _Salmonella_ into the host cell. We were able to find a
suitable target within the structure of HilD to identify new drug
candidates," says Dr. Abdelhakim Boudrioua of the CMFI Cluster of
Excellence and 1st author of the study. In order to transmit signals
for protein synthesis, the regulators must bind highly specifically to
other regulators and DNA and trigger further reactions. It turns out
that HilD has a druggable pocket. On a molecular level, it can be
imagined as an intricately shaped, 3-dimensional pocket.

The researcher explains that the discovered substances fit precisely
in this pocket, and as a result, disrupt the function of the
regulator. In this way, the process of infection can be stopped, he
continues. The research team screened large compound libraries for
potential candidates. "We were able to identify C26 as a promising
substance. We then proceeded with an extensive analysis of its mode of
action and its precise binding site on the structure of HilD," says
Boudrioua.

Numerous tests of the efficiency of C26 in disrupting infection
followed; for example, by proving that the inhibitor interferes with
the pathogenicity of bacteria hiding inside macrophages -- the cells
of the immune system of the host. "According to our results, C26 could
stop the process of _Salmonella_ infection early on at the central
regulator HilD. It seems to have a specific effect on the pathogen and
does not disturb the beneficial human microbiome," says Boudrioua. "We
now have a suitable precursor for further drug development."

"The discovery impressively underlines how our excellent basic
research at the University of Tübingen produces innovative solutions
for urgent medical problems," adds Professor Dr. Dr. h.c. (Dōshisha)
Karla Pollmann, President and Vice-Chancellor of the University of
Tübingen.

Still, Wagner says the route to treating _Salmonella_ infections with
pathoblockers such as HilD inhibitors is long. Aside from human use,
these treatments could also be developed for veterinary medicine,
particularly for poultry. The efforts could be worth it. Unlike
antibiotics, which also damage the patients' useful intestinal
bacteria in many ways, Wagner says specific pathoblockers are not
expected to have any negative effects on the body and its own
microbiome.

[Byline: Christfried Dornis]

--
Communicated by:
ProMED-AMR

[The citation and abstract of the article referenced above follow:

Boudrioua A, Joiner JD, Kronenberger T, et al. Discovery of synthetic
small molecules targeting the central regulator of _Salmonella_
pathogenicity. Sci. Adv., 11: eadr5235(2025)
doi:10.1126/sciadv.adr5235
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract
--------
"The enteric pathogen _Salmonella enterica_ serovar Typhimurium relies
on the activity of effector proteins to invade, replicate, and
disseminate into host epithelial cells and other tissues, thereby
causing disease. Secretion and injection of effector proteins into
host cells is mediated by dedicated secretion systems, which hence
represent major virulence determinants. Here, we report the
identification of a synthetic small molecule with drug-like
properties, C26, which suppresses the secretion of effector proteins
and consequently hinders bacterial invasion of eukaryotic cells. C26
binds to and inhibits HilD, the transcriptional regulator of the major
secretion systems. Although sharing the same binding pocket as the
previously described long-chain fatty acid ligands, C26 inhibits HilD
with a unique binding mode and a distinct mechanism. We provide
evidence of intramacrophage activity and present analogs with improved
potency and suitability as scaffolds to develop antivirulence agents
against _Salmonella_ infections in humans and animals." - Mod.TTM]

[See Also:
Research & innovation (22): China, purpurin, Salmonella invasion,
combat AMR http://promedmail.org/post/20250209.8721984
Research & innovation (19): Salmonella stress & persisters, limited
impact, combat AMR http://promedmail.org/post/20250207.8721893
Antimicrobial stewardship (27): China, CL-R Salmonella, human sources,
tackle AMR http://promedmail.org/post/20250130.8721691

Note: This content and the data herein may not be copied, reproduced,
scraped, redistributed, reused, or repurposed alone or together with
any other data without the express consent of ISID or as permitted
under ISID's Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.]
.................................................ttm/may/tw/gmm
*##########################################################*
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and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based
thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information
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ProMED-PORT Digest, Vol 79, Issue 66

1. PRO/PORT> Cólera - Angola (09) (várias províncias), surto, atualização




-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Message: 1
Date: 2025-04-16 02:54:13
Subject: PRO/PORT> Cólera - Angola (09) (várias províncias), surto, atualização


COLERA - ANGOLA (09) (VÁRIAS PROVÍNCIAS), SURTO, ATUALIZAÇÃO
****************************************************************
Uma mensagem / Una mensaje / de ProMED-PORT
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail e um programa da / es un programa de la
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org

Data: Terça-feira, 15 de abril de 2025
Fonte: Notícias ao Minuto [15/04/2025] [editado]
https://www.noticiasaominuto.com/mundo/2768122/angola-regista-dois-mortos-e-232-novos-casos-de-colera-nas-ultimas-24-horas

Angola registra dois mortos e 232 novos casos de cólera nas últimas
24 horas
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Os dados do boletim epidemiológico sobre a evolução do surto até
segunda-feira [14/abril/2025] adiantam que 11 das 17 províncias
afetadas registaram novas infeções, sendo que Benguela lidera a
lista com 104 casos dos 232 notificados. No período em análise,
registraram-se mortos nas províncias do Bengo e de Benguela com uma
morte cada.

Nas últimas 24 horas, 209 pessoas receberam alta e continuam
internadas 1.257 outras com cólera.

As autoridades angolanas estão a braços com o surto de cólera,
declarado no dia 07 de janeiro do ano [2025] em curso, que afeta 17
das 21 províncias do país, acumulando 12.600 casos, maioritariamente
em Luanda, capital do país e o epicentro da doença, com a soma de
5.053 infeções nos últimos três meses.

No que se refere aos mortos, com uma taxa de letalidade de 3,8%,
Luanda também vai com 184 mortes do total reportado.

Na segunda-feira [14/abril/2025], a comissão multissetorial de luta
contra a cólera manifestou-se preocupada pela não observância das
medidas de prevenção e combate à doença, pela população. "Não
basta haver apenas uma ação do executivo quer a nível central quer
a nível local, mas precisamos todos de ter um engajamento para que
consigamos debelar este mal", disse à imprensa a ministra de Estado
para a área Social, Maria Bragança.

A governante angolana fez um apelo à sociedade no sentido de acatar
com as medidas de higiene. "Cada cidadão no mercado tem de ter
extremo cuidado no manuseio dos alimentos, a forma de depositar os
dejetos, defecação ao ar livre, é uma das formas muito graves de
propiciar a transmissão desta doença através de vetores", disse.

Segundo Maria Bragança, apesar da distribuição de água tratada
continua a verificar-se "falta de higiene", dificultando o combate
deste surto. "Temos a certeza que com as medidas que o Governo vai
agora implementar, de forma mais focada, priorizando as áreas com
maiores números de casos, em que há também uma maior mortalidade,
obviamente acompanhadas de medidas para fazer uma estabilização dos
casos e para prevenir esta situação noutras localidades, esperamos
vencer este surto de cólera", disse.

--
Comunicado por: ProMED-PORT https://promedmail.org/?lang=pt

[Veja também:
Cólera - Angola (08) (várias províncias), surto, atualização,
OMS/WHO http://promedmail.org/post/20250331.8723296
Cólera - Angola (07) (várias províncias), surto, atualização,
aumento do número de casos e de óbitos
http://promedmail.org/post/20250317.8722952
Cólera - Angola (06) (várias províncias), surto, atualização,
aumento do número de casos e de óbitos
http://promedmail.org/post/20250213.8722094
Cólera - Angola (05) (várias províncias), surto, atualização,
vacinação, OMS/WHO http://promedmail.org/post/20250203.8721821
Cólera - Angola (04) (várias províncias), surto, atualização,
aumento do número de casos e de óbitos
http://promedmail.org/post/20250125.8721594
Cólera - Angola (03) (LU), surto, atualização, aumento do número
de casos e de óbitos http://promedmail.org/post/20250115.8721376
Cólera - Angola (02) (LU, BO), surto, atualização, aumento do
número de óbitos http://promedmail.org/post/20250110.8721268
Cólera - Angola (LU), surto, óbitos
http://promedmail.org/post/20250109.8721229

--
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copiados, reproduzidos, copiados, redistribuídos, reutilizados ou
reaproveitados sozinhos ou em conjunto com quaisquer outros dados sem
o consentimento expresso do ISID ou conforme permitido pelos Termos e
Condições e pela Política de Privacidade do ISID.

--
ProMED-PORT
----
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############################################################
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ProMED-Ahead Digest, Vol 49, Issue 106

1. PRO/AH/EDR> Chikungunya (15): Indonesia (JR) susp
2. PRO/AH/EDR> African swine fever - Asia (31): India (MZ) domestic, spreading
3. PRO/AH/EDR> Yellow fever - Africa (02): Uganda (KO) mass vaccination
4. PRO/AH/EDR> BSE - Japan: L-type, transmission to primates
5. PRO/AH/EDR> Streptococcus suis - Viet Nam (02): (TB) pig intestine consumption
6. PRO/AH/EDR> Rabies (44): Viet Nam (BT) human, bite from neighbor's dog, fatal




-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Message: 1
Date: 2025-04-15 21:25:31
Subject: PRO/AH/EDR> Chikungunya (15): Indonesia (JR) susp


CHIKUNGUNYA (15): INDONESIA (WEST JAVA) SUSPECTED
*************************************************
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Date: Sat 12 Apr 2025 20:25 WIB
Source: Jurnas [edited] [in Indonesian, machine trans., edited]
https://www.jurnas.com/mobile/artikel/171755/Mengenal-Penyakit-Chikungunya-Seperti-yang-Dijangkit-Puluhan-Warga-Cianjur/


Around 38 residents of Cibiuk Village, Sukaratu Village, Bojongpicung
District, Cianjur Regency, West Java, have reportedly experienced
symptoms that point to chikungunya disease. Currently, all residents
suspected of being infected with the virus have received medical
treatment and are under the supervision of health workers.

Head of Bojongpicung Health Center, Heni Supenti, as quoted by Antara
on April 9, 2025, said that some patients experienced temporary
paralysis, especially children. The symptoms they experienced included
high fever, body aches, and severe pain in the joints.

So, what is chikungunya disease? How does chikungunya disease actually
occur? What are the symptoms? How to prevent it? Here is a review
quoted from various sources.

What is chikungunya disease?
----------------------------
Chikungunya is a tropical disease caused by the chikungunya virus
(CHIKV) and transmitted through the bite of the _Aedes aegypti_ or
_Aedes albopictus_ mosquito -- a type of mosquito also known as the
vector for dengue fever.

Chikungunya infection can cause symptoms such as sudden fever,
weakness, and long-lasting joint and muscle pain. In some cases, this
pain can persist for months, even years, and reduce the quality of
life of sufferers.

Therefore, understanding how the disease develops is the first step to
preventing it. After a person is bitten by a mosquito carrying the
virus, symptoms usually appear within a few days.

The course of the disease is divided into 3 phases, from acute to
chronic:
1. Acute phase (0-10 days): Symptoms include high fever, joint pain,
rash, and headache.
2. Post-acute phase (1-3 months): In this phase, symptoms include
joint pain that is still felt, weakness, and begins to improve
slowly.
3. Chronic phase (more than 3 months): Some patients, especially the
elderly or those with a history of joint disease, can experience
chronic arthritis.

Unfortunately, there is currently no antiviral drug specifically
designed to treat chikungunya. Treatment is still supportive, such as
rest, adequate fluid intake, and pain relievers.

Chikungunya prevention
----------------------
Since treatment is not yet specific, prevention is the best way to
protect yourself and your family from this disease. Prevention efforts
are mainly focused on controlling the mosquito population in the
residential environment.

Simple steps such as keeping the house and surroundings clean, and
eliminating puddles of water that can become mosquito breeding
grounds, are highly recommended. The public is also advised to adopt a
clean lifestyle by draining, covering, and recycling used water
containers.

In addition, the use of mosquito repellent, the installation of wire
screens in windows, and the sprinkling of abate powder in water
reservoirs can help break the mosquito life cycle. The more
disciplined the community is in maintaining the environment, the less
likely the virus is to spread.

Chikungunya treatment
---------------------
Although the mortality rate for chikungunya is low, the infection can
be serious in vulnerable groups such as the elderly or those with
chronic illnesses. This makes early treatment and monitoring of
symptoms very important.

Current chikungunya treatment is still focused on symptom relief.
Steps such as adequate rest, maintaining fluid intake, and taking
painkillers and fever reducers are the main forms of treatment.

Once a person recovers from chikungunya, their body usually develops
natural immunity to the virus. Thus, the chance of being reinfected in
the future is relatively small.

[Byline: Agus Mughni]

--
Communicated by:
ProMED

[Although the 38 cases are listed as suspected because they have not
been laboratory confirmed, the symptoms and signs that the above
report describes are very compatible with chikungunya virus
infections. As the above report notes, the arthralgia resulting from
infection with this virus can be incapacitating and last for weeks,
months and even years. Occurrence of chikungunya virus in West Java is
not surprising. The virus is endemic in the Indonesian archipelago,
and sporadic cases are reported from various islands, most recently in
Bali. The See Also section below provides a good overview of the
geographic distribution of cases over the past 2 decades. Avoidance of
mosquito bites is a practical preventive measure that should be
implemented by local people. - Mod.TY

ProMED map:
West Java, Indonesia:
https://promedmail.org/promed-post?place=8723665,547]

[See Also:
2022
----
Chikungunya (02): Indonesia (BA)
http://promedmail.org/post/20220819.8705113
2020
----
Chikungunya (04): Americas, Asia, Africa, research
http://promedmail.org/post/20200830.7729284
2019
----
Chikungunya (04): Americas, Africa, Asia, Indian Ocean
http://promedmail.org/post/20190507.6457494
2017
----
Chikungunya (06): Americas, Asia, research
http://promedmail.org/post/20170206.4817959
2013
----
Chikungunya (06): Germany ex Indonesia (Bali) 2012
http://promedmail.org/post/20130227.1562598
2008
----
Chikungunya (42): Indonesia (Riau Islands)
http://promedmail.org/post/20081010.3206
Chikungunya (28): Indonesia (Bali)
http://promedmail.org/post/20080720.2198
Chikungunya (22): Indonesia (Java)
http://promedmail.org/post/20080528.1733
Chikungunya - Taiwan ex Indonesia: 2007
http://promedmail.org/post/20080109.0106
Chikungunya - Indonesia: (Sumatra)
http://promedmail.org/post/20080104.0051
2007
----
Chikungunya (05): India (KA), RFI
http://promedmail.org/post/20071222.4113
Chikungunya (04): Indonesia (Java), RFI
http://promedmail.org/post/20071217.4062
2006
----
Chikungunya - Indonesia: background
http://promedmail.org/post/20060908.2554
Chikungunya - Indonesia: RFI http://promedmail.org/post/20060907.2542
2005
----
Chikungunya - Indonesia (Tangerang)
http://promedmail.org/post/20050717.2059
2004
----
Chikungunya fever - Indonesia 2003
http://promedmail.org/post/20040226.0604
Chikungunya - Indonesia (Java) (03)
http://promedmail.org/post/20040125.029
Chikungunya - Indonesia (Java) (02)
http://promedmail.org/post/20040117.0183
Chikungunya - Indonesia (Java)
http://promedmail.org/post/20040115.0164
2003
----
Chikungunya - Indonesia (East Java)
http://promedmail.org/post/20031209.3019
Dengue/DHF update 2003 (11) http://promedmail.org/post/20030317.0666
Chikungunya - Indonesia (03) http://promedmail.org/post/20030226.0485
Chikungunya - Indonesia (Java) (02)
http://promedmail.org/post/20030223.0469
Chikungunya - Indonesia (Java)
http://promedmail.org/post/20030217.0410

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scraped, redistributed, reused, or repurposed alone or together with
any other data without the express consent of ISID or as permitted
under ISID's Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.]
.................................................mo/jh/ty/rd/jh
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and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based
thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information
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Message: 2
Date: 2025-04-15 21:26:25
Subject: PRO/AH/EDR> African swine fever - Asia (31): India (MZ) domestic, spreading


AFRICAN SWINE FEVER - ASIA (31): INDIA (MIZORAM) DOMESTIC, SPREADING
********************************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org

Date: Mon 14 Apr 2025 21:04 IST
Source: Hindustan Times [abridged, edited]
https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/over-1-000-pigs-died-in-a-month-due-to-african-swine-fever-in-mizoram-101744644894446.html


At least 1916 pigs have died due to African swine fever in Mizoram
since the outbreak began on March 20 [2025], according to officials
from the Mizoram Animal Husbandry & Veterinary (AH&V) Department. The
disease has been detected in 41 villages and localities in the state
with the southern districts of Lawngtlai and Siaha bearing the brunt
of the outbreak.

"[A total of] 932 pigs have died in Siaha district and 462 have been
culled till date [14 Apr 2025], the ASF has affected 25 villages and
localities in Siaha. There are also 843 reported deaths and 174 culled
in Lawngtlai district," said Dr. Esther Lalzoliani Ralte from the
Livestock Health Division of the Mizoram AH&V Department.

The outbreak was first identified through laboratory tests conducted
in Guwahati in March [2025]. Five districts in the state have enforced
a ban on the import and export of pigs, pork, and related products.
Efforts are ongoing to control the spread and minimize further
losses.

African swine fever is a large, double-stranded DNA virus belonging to
the Asfarviridae family. It causes hemorrhagic fever in pigs and often
leads to high mortality rates. Some virus strains can kill infected
pigs within a week.

Veterinary officials, working in coordination with village councils,
have been conducting culling operations in 4 affected districts. So
far, 686 pigs have been culled, officials reported.

Nevertheless, containment remains a challenge, Dr. Ralte said, adding
that it is currently the peak spreading season for ASF. "All efforts
are made to contain the disease," he said.

[Byline: Sangzuala Hmar]

--
Communicated by:
ProMED
via
ProMED-SoAs

[African swine fever (ASF) is seemingly spreading across Mizoram state
of India. The occurrences of the disease in 13 villages and localities
over a period of 2 weeks in March this year (2025) in Lawngtlai and
Mamit districts of the state were reported previously (see archive no.
http://promedmail.org/post/20250401.8723291).

As indicated in the news report above, the disease has now been
detected in another district, Siaha, where 932 pigs have died and 462
have been culled as of 14 April 2025 in addition to 843 deaths plus
174 culled so far from Lawngtlai district. In total, around 1916 pigs
have died in the state from the disease so far since its reemergence
and laboratory conformation on 20 March 2025.

ASF is a viral disease in pigs caused by the African swine fever
virus. As such, the African swine fever virus is not zoonotic, and
thus "it is not a danger to human health, but it has devastating
effects on pig populations and the farming economy.

"The virus is highly resistant in the environment, meaning that it can
survive on clothes, boots, wheels, and other materials. It can also
survive in various pork products, such as ham, sausages, or bacon.
Therefore, human behaviours can play an important role in spreading
this pig disease across borders if adequate measures are not taken"
(https://www.woah.org/en/disease/african-swine-fever/).

Because there is currently no effective vaccine against the disease,
farmers and others concerned should strictly follow the measures
recommended in the National Action Plan for Control, Containment, and
Eradication of African swine fever in India, available at
http://megahvt.gov.in/miscellaneous/ASF_NAP.pdf. - Mod.PKB

ProMED map:
Mizoram State, India:
https://promedmail.org/promed-post?place=8723686,313]

[See Also:
African swine fever - Asia (28): India (MZ) domestic
http://promedmail.org/post/20250402.8723321
2024
----
African swine fever - Asia (73): India (KL, MZ) domestic
http://promedmail.org/post/20241216.8720704
African swine fever - Asia (63): India (NL) domestic
http://promedmail.org/post/20241019.8719479
African swine fever - Asia (57): India (MZ) domestic
http://promedmail.org/post/20240912.8718719
African swine fever - Asia (12): India (MH) domestic
http://promedmail.org/post/20240224.8715027
2023
----
African swine fever - Asia (23): India (MN) domestic, spread
http://promedmail.org/post/20231108.8713055
African swine fever - Asia (21): India (MN) domestic, spread
http://promedmail.org/post/20231030.8712888
African swine fever - Asia (17): India (MN) domestic pig
http://promedmail.org/post/20231015.8712639
2022
----
African swine fever - Asia (14): India (MZ) domestic, wild, vacc plan
http://promedmail.org/post/20220807.8704921
African swine fever - Asia (13): India (KL) domestic, 1st rep
http://promedmail.org/post/20220723.8704616
African swine fever - Asia (12): India (UP) domestic, conf
http://promedmail.org/post/20220720.8704531
African swine fever - Asia (11): India (MN) domestic, spread
http://promedmail.org/post/20220628.870412
2021
----
African swine fever - Asia (18): India (AS) domestic, spread
http://promedmail.org/post/20210717.8526195

Note: This content and the data herein may not be copied, reproduced,
scraped, redistributed, reused, or repurposed alone or together with
any other data without the express consent of ISID or as permitted
under ISID's Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.]
.................................................mo/jh/pkb/rd/pkb/rd/jh
*##########################################################*
************************************************************
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and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based
thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information
posted or archived by ProMED. ISID and its associated service providers shall not
be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred
as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material.
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Message: 3
Date: 2025-04-16 00:33:05
Subject: PRO/AH/EDR> Yellow fever - Africa (02): Uganda (KO) mass vaccination


YELLOW FEVER - AFRICA (02): UGANDA (KALIRO) MASS VACCINATION
************************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org

Date: Mon 14 Apr 2025
Source: Nile Post [edited]
https://nilepost.co.ug/health/253511/kaliro-targets-50000-in-yellow-fever-vaccination-drive


Health authorities in Kaliro District are targeting to immunise over
50 000 people in the ongoing nationwide yellow fever vaccination
campaign that began on 10 Apr 2025 and is expected to run until 16 Apr
2025. To meet this ambitious goal, youth mobilisers armed with
megaphones have been deployed to traverse villages, urging residents
to visit nearby health centres and receive the vaccine.

Eric Kiduba, the district health educator, reassured residents of the
vaccine's safety and effectiveness, citing approvals from both the
Ministry of Health and the World Health Organisation. He dismissed
misinformation circulating in some communities that the vaccine causes
impotence.

"Some people had been moving around trying to lie to the public that
the vaccines cause impotency in men and women, which is not true,"
Kiduba said during the official campaign launch at Bumanya Health
Centre IV. He revealed that over 300 health personnel had been
deployed across the district to ensure timely and effective delivery
of services throughout the campaign period.

John Bosco Mubitto, the Resident District Commissioner, warned leaders
of religious sects against discouraging their followers from taking
the vaccine. He said such acts amounted to sabotage of a government
programme and offenders would face arrest and prosecution.

"Security personnel have been put on high alert to monitor any leader
found guilty of discouraging participation in the vaccination
exercise," Mubitto said. He also urged religious leaders to use their
pulpits to mobilise their congregations for the campaign, noting that
spiritual well-being must go hand in hand with physical health.

Lydia Akoth, the Central Supervisor for Advocacy, Communication, and
Social Mobilisation in the Yellow Fever Reactive Campaign, told the
Nile Post that the campaign was prompted by a confirmed case of yellow
fever in neighbouring Kibuku District.

"The campaign is scheduled for 7 days, from 10 to 16 Apr 2025,
targeting people aged between 1 and 60 years," Akoth said. "We
encourage everyone who has not received the vaccine to either go to a
health facility or visit the vaccination post in their community." She
added that yellow fever has no cure and urged continued access to the
vaccine at health centres even after the campaign ends.

District Chairperson Elijah Kagoda called on political leaders at all
levels to support the mobilisation effort. He noted that residents
intending to travel abroad should take advantage of the campaign since
yellow fever vaccination is mandatory for international travel.

Dr Ivan Munigwa, the in-charge of Bumanya Health Centre IV, confirmed
that the facility had enough personnel to handle the expected
numbers.

As Kaliro steps up mobilisation efforts, officials are banking on a
mix of community engagement, youth participation and local leadership
to make the yellow fever vaccination campaign a success.

[Byline: Teven Kibumba]

--
Communicated by:
ProMED
via
ProMED-EAFR

[In response to a recent outbreak, Uganda has launched a mass yellow
fever vaccination campaign in the eastern region. Kaliro District is
one of the districts in the eastern part of Uganda and is targeting to
vaccinate 50 000 individuals. Yellow fever is a viral disease
transmitted by infected mosquitoes, which can cause severe illness and
death if left untreated. Health officials emphasize the importance of
this campaign in preventing further spread of the disease, especially
given the high-risk nature of the region. - Mod.KJ

ProMED map:
Uganda: https://promedmail.org/promed-post?place=8723695,97]

[See Also:
2024
----
Yellow fever - Africa (05): Uganda (KS)
http://promedmail.org/post/20241218.8720731
Yellow fever - Africa (03): Uganda, vaccination hesitancy
http://promedmail.org/post/20240528.8716737
Yellow fever - Africa (02): WHO
http://promedmail.org/post/20240321.8715531
Yellow fever - Africa: Uganda vaccination
http://promedmail.org/post/20240313.8715362
2023
----
Yellow fever - Africa (05): update
http://promedmail.org/post/20231108.8713046
Yellow fever - Africa (01)
http://promedmail.org/post/20230105.8707616
2022
----
Yellow fever - Africa (05): Uganda
http://promedmail.org/post/20220402.8702353
Yellow fever - Uganda: suspected
http://promedmail.org/post/20220720.8704517
Yellow fever - Africa (05): Uganda
http://promedmail.org/post/20220402.8702353
2020
----
Yellow fever - Africa (06): Uganda, WHO
http://promedmail.org/post/20200222.7015224
Yellow fever - Africa (03): Uganda (BL, MY)
http://promedmail.org/post/20200124.6913409
2019
----
Yellow fever - Africa (09): Uganda (OK,MQ)
http://promedmail.org/post/20190530.6492199

Note: This content and the data herein may not be copied, reproduced,
scraped, redistributed, reused, or repurposed alone or together with
any other data without the express consent of ISID or as permitted
under ISID's Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.]
.................................................kj/rd/jh/may/jh
*##########################################################*
************************************************************
ProMED makes every effort to verify the reports that are posted, but the accuracy
and completeness of the information, and of any statements or opinions based
thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information
posted or archived by ProMED. ISID and its associated service providers shall not
be held responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any damages incurred
as a result of use or reliance upon posted or archived material.
************************************************************
Donate to ProMED. Details available at: https://isid.networkforgood.com/projects/79924-invest-in-the-mission.
************************************************************
Visit ProMED's website at https://www.promedmail.org/.
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Message: 4
Date: 2025-04-16 02:30:51
Subject: PRO/AH/EDR> BSE - Japan: L-type, transmission to primates


BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY - JAPAN: L-TYPE, TRANSMISSION TO
PRIMATES
**************************************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org

Date: Tue 15 April 2025
Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases [edited]
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/5/24-1257_article


Citation: Imamura M, Hagiwara K, Tobiume M, et al.: Administration of
L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy to macaques to evaluate
zoonotic potential. Emerg Infect Dis. May 2025 [early access]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract
--------
We administered L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions to
macaques to determine their potential for transmission to humans.
After 75 months, no clinical symptoms appeared, and prions were
undetectable in any tissue by Western blot or immunohistochemistry.
Protein misfolding cyclic amplification, however, revealed prions in
the nerve and lymphoid tissues.

Worldwide emergence of classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy
(C-BSE) is associated with variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans
(1). Two other naturally occurring BSE variants have been identified,
L-type (L-BSE) and H-type. Studies using transgenic mice expressing
human normal prion protein (PrPC) (2) and primates (3-5) have
demonstrated that L-BSE is more virulent than C-BSE. Although L-BSE is
orally transmissible to minks (6), cattle (7), and mouse lemurs (5),
transmissibility to cynomolgus macaques, a suitable model for
investigating human susceptibility to prions, remains unclear. We
orally inoculated cynomolgus macaques with L-BSE prions and explored
the presence of abnormal prion proteins (PrPSc) in tissues using
protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) along with Western blot
(WB) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). PMCA markedly accelerates prion
replication in vitro, and its products retain the biochemical
properties and transmissibility of seed prion strains (8).

The Study
---------
Two macaques orally inoculated with L-BSE prions remained asymptomatic
and healthy but were euthanized and autopsied at 75 months
postinoculation. WB showed no PrPSc accumulation in any tissue (Table
[for tables/figures/appendixes, see original URL - Mod.LL]), IHC
revealed no PrPSc accumulation, hematoxylin and eosin staining
revealed no spongiform changes in brain sections, and pathologic
examination revealed no abnormalities.

We next attempted to detect PrPSc using PMCA, performed as previously
described (9), with minor modifications (Appendix). First, we
evaluated the sensitivity of PMCA. Using serial amplification with
10-fold stepwise dilutions of prion-infected brain homogenates as
seeds, we amplified PrPSc-like proteinase K (PK)-resistant prion
protein (PrPres) from a 10^-7 dilution of 10% brain homogenate (BH)
obtained from macaque intracerebrally inoculated with L-BSE prions in
the 5th amplification round (Figure 1, panel A). This method also
enabled propagation of PrPres from a 10^-8 dilution of BH from
C-BSE-affected cattle during the 2nd amplification round (Figure 1,
panel B), suggesting PMCA's higher efficiency and sensitivity for
detecting C-BSE prions than macaque L-BSE prions.

We attempted to detect prions in the lymphoid and nervous systems,
among other tissues, of the 2 orally inoculated macaques using refined
PMCA (Figure 2; Appendix Figure, Table). In lymphoid tissue samples
prepared using sodium phosphotungstic acid precipitation (Appendix),
we amplified PrPres in the inguinal and mesenteric lymph nodes, ileum,
and tonsils of both macaques (Figure 2, panels A, B), as well as in
the spleen of 1 macaque (#18) and the thymus of the other (#19), in
the 2nd or 3rd amplification round of PMCA (Figure 2, panel C). We
observed no PrPres in the submandibular lymph nodes (Appendix Figure
1). Examining the central nervous system, we observed no PrPres
amplification in the cerebral cortex (Figure 2, panel C), whether
seeded with phosphate-buffered saline homogenates or phosphotungstic
acid precipitates. The spinal cord showed no PrPres amplification upon
ethanol precipitation. However, PrPres was amplified in the cervical
spinal cord of macaque #19 and in the thoracic spinal cord of both
macaques with phosphate-buffered saline homogenates (Figure 2, panel
D). We also confirmed PrPres in the median nerve of both macaques but
not in the sciatic nerve (Figure 2, panel E). We noted PrPres signals
in the submandibular glands of both animals. In contrast, we found no
PrPres amplification in any tissues from uninoculated control
macaques.

PrPres obtained from the orally inoculated macaques exhibited diverse
banding patterns distinct from those generated by PMCA using
L-BSE-affected cattle BH and L-BSE intracerebrally inoculated macaque
BH as seeds (Figure 3, panels A-C). Of note, the
lowest-molecular-weight PrPres variants from the ileum, spleen,
inguinal lymph nodes, thoracic cord, submaxillary gland, and
mesenteric lymph nodes of orally inoculated macaques exhibited
remarkable PK resistance similarity and banding patterns
indistinguishable from those of PrPres generated by PMCA with
C-BSE-affected cattle BH as a seed (Figure 3, panel C, Appendix
Figures 2 and 3). In contrast, the higher-molecular-weight PrPres
variants from the ileum of macaque #18 exhibited a unique banding
pattern distinct from those of L-BSE, C-BSE, and H-type BSE prions
(Figure 3, panel C). Banding patterns and PK resistance of PrPres
amplified from L-BSE-affected cattle BH and L-BSE intracerebrally
inoculated macaque BH were notably similar.

This PMCA method was initially designed for the high-sensitivity
detection of L-BSE intracerebrally inoculated macaque PrPSc but was
even more efficient and sensitive in detecting bovine C-BSE PrPSc
(Figure 1, panel B). Therefore, we believe that this method enabled
the detection of both C-BSE-like PrPSc and potentially novel PrPSc
variants.

Conclusion
----------
We noted no detectable evidence of PrPSc by WB or IHC in any tissues
of L-BSE orally inoculated macaques. Nevertheless, PMCA successfully
amplified PrPres from lymphatic and neural tissues. The PrPres
exhibited electrophoretic patterns distinct from those detected by
PMCA using L-BSE-affected cattle BH as the seed (Figure 3, panel C),
indicating that the PrPSc used as the template for PrPres
amplification in orally inoculated macaques did not originate from the
bovine L-BSE prions used as inoculum. Instead, PrPSc were newly
generated by the conversion of macaque PrPC by bovine L-BSE prions.
Our results provide strong evidence that L-BSE can infect macaques via
the oral route.

We found no evidence that PrPSc reached the brain in orally inoculated
macaques; however, the macaques euthanized 6 years postinoculation
might have been in the preclinical period. At low infection levels,
lymph nodes play a vital role in prion spread to the central nervous
system (11). Therefore, had the macaques been maintained for a longer
period, they might have developed prion disease. Retrospective
surveillance studies using the appendix and tonsil tissues suggested a
considerable number of humans harboring vCJD in a carrier state (12).
Thus, we cannot exclude that L-BSE orally inoculated macaques could
similarly remain in a potentially infectious state.

The brain of L-BSE intracerebrally inoculated macaque accumulated
prions with biochemical properties resembling bovine L-BSE prions
(Figure 3, panel C; Appendix Figure 2); however, we observed no PrPSc
accumulation in lymphoid tissues by WB or IHC (4). In contrast,
macaques orally inoculated with C-BSE prions showed PrPSc accumulation
in lymphoid tissues, including the spleen, tonsils, and mesenteric
lymph nodes by WB and IHC (13). In our study, L-BSE orally inoculated
macaques harbored C-BSE-like prions in their lymphoid and neural
tissues. Interspecies transmission of L-BSE prions to ovine PrP
transgenic mice can result in a shift toward C-BSE-like properties
(14,15). Our data suggest that L-BSE prions may alter biophysical and
biochemical properties, depending on interspecies transmission and
inoculation route, acquiring traits similar to those of C-BSE prions.
This transformation might result from structural changes in the L-BSE
prion to C-BSE-like prions and other lymphotropic prions within
lymphoid tissues or from the selective propagation of low-level
lymphotropic substrains within the L-BSE prion population.

The 1st limitation of our study is that the oral inoculation
experiment involved only 2 macaques and tissues collected at 6 years
postinoculation, before disease onset. Consequently, subsequent
progression of prion disease symptoms remains speculative. A larger
sample size and extended observation periods are required to
conclusively establish infection in orally inoculated macaques.
Furthermore, we performed no bioassays for PMCA-positive samples,
leaving the relationship between PMCA results and infectious titers
undefined. Considering that PrPres amplifications from tissues from
the orally inoculated macaque tissues required 2 rounds of PMCA, the
PrPSc levels in positive tissues might have been extremely low and
undetectable in the bioassay.

Previous studies have demonstrated that L-BSE can be orally
transmitted to cattle (7) and might have caused prion disease in
farm-raised minks (6), indicating that L-BSE could naturally affect
various animal species. Our findings suggest that L-BSE can also be
orally transmitted to macaques. Therefore, current control measures
aimed at preventing primary C-BSE in cattle and humans may also need
to consider the potential risk of spontaneous L-BSE transmission.

[References can be found at the original URL - Mod.LL]

--
Communicated by:
ProMED

[Transmission via the oral route of L-BSE prions produced evidence of
extra-cerebral infection and might have caused disease with a longer
period of incubation.

Previously, as referenced in the paper, the L strain (low molecular
weight) of BSE has been transmitted to primates via the intracerebral
route:

Ono F, Tase N, Kurosawa A, Hiyaoka A, et al.: Atypical L-type bovine
spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE) transmission to cynomolgus macaques,
a non-human primate. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2011;64:81-84.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21266763/
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract
--------
"A low molecular weight type of atypical bovine spongiform
encephalopathy (L-BSE) was transmitted to 2 cynomolgus macaques by
intracerebral inoculation of a brain homogenate of cattle with
atypical BSE detected in Japan. They developed neurological signs and
symptoms at 19 or 20 months post-inoculation and were euthanized 6
months after the onset of total paralysis. Both the incubation period
and duration of the disease were shorter than those for experimental
transmission of classical BSE (C-BSE) into macaques. Although the
clinical manifestations, such as tremor, myoclonic jerking, and
paralysis, were similar to those induced upon C-BSE transmission, no
premonitory symptoms, such as hyperekplexia and depression, were
evident. Most of the abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) was confined to
the tissues of the central nervous system, as determined by
immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The PrPSc glycoform that
accumulated in the monkey brain showed a similar profile to that of
L-BSE and consistent with that in the cattle brain used as the
inoculant. PrPSc staining in the cerebral cortex showed a diffuse
synaptic pattern by immunohistochemistry, whereas it accumulated as
fine and coarse granules and/or small plaques in the cerebellar cortex
and brain stem. Severe spongiosis spread widely in the cerebral
cortex, whereas florid plaques, a hallmark of variant
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, were observed in macaques
inoculated with C-BSE but not in those inoculated with L-BSE."

And to lemurs (a "lower" primate):

Mestre-Francés N, Nicot S, Rouland S, et al.: Oral transmission of
L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy in primate model. Emerg Infect
Dis. 2012;18:142-145.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3310119/
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract
--------
"We report transmission of atypical L-type bovine spongiform
encephalopathy to mouse lemurs after oral or intracerebral inoculation
with infected bovine brain tissue. After neurologic symptoms appeared,
transmissibility of the disease by both inoculation routes was
confirmed by detection of disease-associated prion protein in samples
of brain tissue."

Now it is reported in oral administration to a "higher" primate -
Mod.LL

ProMED map:
Japan: https://promedmail.org/promed-post?place=8723694,156]

[See Also:
2024
----
BSE, cattle - Ireland: atypical form
http://promedmail.org/post/20241005.8719170
2020
----
BSE, bovine - Ireland: (TY) atypical H-type, OIE
http://promedmail.org/post/20200526.7380366
2017
---
BSE, bovine - Ireland (02): (GY) atypical L-type, OIE20170124.4789081
BSE, bovine - Ireland: (GY) atypical
http://promedmail.org/post/20170119.4775368

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.................................................ll/may/jh
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############################################################
############################################################


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Message: 5
Date: 2025-04-16 02:34:52
Subject: PRO/AH/EDR> Streptococcus suis - Viet Nam (02): (TB) pig intestine consumption


STREPTOCOCCUS SUIS - VIET NAM (02): (THAI BINH) PIG INTESTINE
CONSUMPTION
*************************************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org

Date: Mon 14 Apr 2025 15:12 ICT
Source: VN Express [in Vietnamese, machine trans., edited]
https://vnexpress.net/nhiem-lien-cau-khuan-sau-an-long-lon-4873820.html


After eating pig intestines, a 49-year-old man suffered from full-body
hemorrhage and facial necrosis. Doctors determined he had
streptococcal infection and a high risk of death.

About a week ago, he ate pig intestines, then suddenly had a high
fever of 40 degrees Celsius [104 deg F], chills, severe abdominal
pain, and diarrhea. The patient was intubated by a lower-level
facility, maintained vasopressor, then urgently transferred to the
Intensive Care Center, Central Hospital for Tropical Diseases.

Test results confirmed that he had _Streptococcus suis_ -- dangerous
bacteria that can be transmitted from pigs to humans through
undercooked food or open wounds. Doctors determined that the cause may
be related to him eating pig intestines. The origin of the food the
patient consumed is currently unknown.

The patient was treated intensively with antibiotics, resuscitation,
mechanical ventilation, blood filtration and transfusion of blood
products (platelets, fresh plasma). However, the condition is still
very serious, the prognosis is poor, and the risk of death is high.

Dr. Dong Phu Khiem, Deputy Director of the Intensive Care Center, said
that there is currently no vaccine to prevent _Streptococcus suis_. If
not detected and treated promptly, the disease can leave serious
sequelae such as deafness, nerve damage or multiple organ failure.
Therefore, early diagnosis and timely treatment are key factors in
improving treatment effectiveness and reducing mortality from
_Streptococcus suis_ infection in humans.

Doctors recommend that people absolutely do not eat blood pudding, pig
intestines or any other undercooked pork products. When buying meat,
choose products with clear origins, avoid meat with unusual color,
signs of swelling or bleeding. People involved in slaughtering and
processing pork must wear gloves, masks and clean their hands after
contact.

If there are open wounds on the hands or feet, they should be covered
with waterproof gauze before handling raw food. In addition, with
ready-to-eat food bought from stores, people should blanch it in
boiling water or cook it thoroughly before eating to ensure food
safety and hygiene.

[Byline: Thuy Quynh]

--
Communicated by:
ProMED
via
ProMED-MBDS

[The citation, abstract, and concluding remarks and perspectives from
a study on _Streptococcus suis_ infection follow:

Feng Y, Zhang H, Wu Z, et al. _Streptococcus suis_ infection: an
emerging/reemerging challenge of bacterial infectious diseases?
Virulence. 2014;5(4):477-497. https://doi.org/10.4161/viru.28595.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract
--------
"_Streptococcus suis_ (_S. suis_) is a family of pathogenic
gram-positive bacterial strains that represents a primary health
problem in the swine industry worldwide. _S. suis_ is also an emerging
zoonotic pathogen that causes severe human infections clinically
featuring with varied diseases/syndromes (such as meningitis,
septicemia, and arthritis). Over the past few decades, continued
efforts have made significant progress toward better understanding
this zoonotic infectious entity, contributing in part to the
elucidation of the molecular mechanism underlying its high
pathogenicity. This review is aimed at presenting an updated overview
of this pathogen from the perspective of molecular epidemiology,
clinical diagnosis and typing, virulence mechanism, and protective
antigens contributing to its zoonosis."

Concluding Remarks and Perspectives
-----------------------------------
"As a zoonotic agent, _S. suis_ is gathering increasing accumulated
attention from public health officials as well as the relevant
academic community. With respect to _S. suis_ epidemiology, we believe
that current situation of human SS2 [serotype 2 of _S. suis_]
infections should be re-evaluated using comprehensive approaches. To
minimize the occupational infections by _S. suis_, it is suggested
that advances be made to improve public awareness of _S. suis_
infection by science education and popularization. Although progress
has been obtained toward understanding _S. suis_ pathogenicity
(especially identifying a group of bacterial virulence factors), it
still sounds fragmentary, and lacks an insightful dissection of
integrated regulatory networks of bacterial virulence. In the future,
an important direction would be to link posttranscriptional regulation
(e.g., ncRNA and riboswitch) and modification (such as acetylation and
de-acetylation) to the bacterial virulence of _Streptococcus suis_.
Moreover, structural information on these virulence factors is very
limited. We therefore believe it is necessary to strengthen the study
of pathogenesis-related structural biology, which could establish a
solid basis for design of small molecule drugs targeting bacterial
virulence factors.

"It is of interest to search for other virulence-related or
immunological regulatory elements, different from 89K PAI, because of
recent exciting findings on this issue. Safe and effective vaccines
that can be used for patients is still not available, which is due to
lack of comprehensive knowledge of _S. suis_ infections. Description
of a full picture of _S. suis_ surface antigen proteins might be
helpful to screen and/or design vaccine molecules candidate. The fact
that non-SS2 serotypes of _S. suis_ can affect humans and even lead to
fatal infections, has put the situation of _S. suis_ infection in a
much more complicated and serious status in public health. This might
be an alternate way to decode the genome sequences of all 35 kinds of
different serotypes, providing new insights into evolution and
diversity of heterogeneous species, as well as distinct clues for
preventing and controlling severe infections by these pathogens.
Systematic proteomic approaches are also encouraged to further address
this question, which can complement genomics-based explorations.

"In summary, our understanding and response to the situation of _S.
suis_ infections occurring especially in southeast Asia is not
satisfactory. It would be helpful to integrate representative
virulent/avirulent strains from different countries/regions for
collaborative investigations. Therefore, there is a long way to go
toward the complete conquest of _S. suis_, an emerging human
pathogen." - Mod.ST

ProMED map:
Vietnam: https://promedmail.org/promed-post?place=8723697,152]

[See Also:
Streptococcus suis - Viet Nam: (QN) pig blood pudding
http://promedmail.org/post/20250323.8723076
2024
----
Streptococcus suis - Viet Nam (04): (HI) pig slaughter-associated
http://promedmail.org/post/20241205.8720442
Streptococcus suis - Thailand: northeastern provinces, uncooked pork,
fatal http://promedmail.org/post/20241007.8719226
Streptococcus suis - Viet Nam (03): (TY) fatal
http://promedmail.org/post/20240811.8718082
Streptococcus suis - Viet Nam (02): (HI) fatal
http://promedmail.org/post/20240807.8718001
Streptococcus suis - Viet Nam: case slaughtered & ate sick pig
http://promedmail.org/post/20240724.8717724
Meningitis - Viet Nam: (PT) Streptococcus suis, pork offal
http://promedmail.org/post/20240704.8717373
Streptococcus suis - Thailand: raw or undercooked pork/pork product,
fatal, alert http://promedmail.org/post/20240108.8714122
2023
----
Streptococcus suis - Thailand: raw or undercooked pork/pork product,
fatal, alert http://promedmail.org/post/20231105.8713007
Streptococcus suis - Viet Nam: raw pork meat/blood consumption, alert
http://promedmail.org/post/20230315.8708940
2022
----
Streptococcus suis - Thailand: increase, raw pork meat/blood
consumption, 2021 http://promedmail.org/post/20220214.8701455
2021
----
Streptococcus suis - Thailand: raw pork or pork blood
http://promedmail.org/post/20210109.8087251
2019
----
Streptococcus suis - Thailand (03): raw pork or pork blood
http://promedmail.org/post/20190906.6660853
Streptococcus suis - Thailand (02): raw pork or pork blood, background
http://promedmail.org/post/20190423.6436086
Streptococcus suis - Thailand: raw pork or pork blood
http://promedmail.org/post/20190422.6433945

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.................................................st/rd/st/may/jh
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thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in using information
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############################################################
############################################################


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Message: 6
Date: 2025-04-16 02:36:32
Subject: PRO/AH/EDR> Rabies (44): Viet Nam (BT) human, bite from neighbor's dog, fatal


RABIES (44): VIET NAM (BINH THUAN) HUMAN, BITE FROM NEIGHBOR'S DOG,
FATAL
*************************************************************************
A ProMED-mail post
http://www.promedmail.org
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
http://www.isid.org

Date: Tue 15 Apr 2025 09:39 ICT
Source: VN Express [in Vietnamese, machine trans., edited]
https://vnexpress.net/them-mot-nguoi-chet-do-benh-dai-o-binh-thuan-4874090.html


A man has died 2 months after being bitten by a neighbor's dog, the
4th such death this year [2025] in the province.

On the morning of 15 Apr 2025, Dr. Vo Van Hanh, Director of the Binh
Thuan Center for Disease Control, said that the person who had just
died was a 57-year-old patient residing in Ham Liem commune, Ham Thuan
Bac district.

Two months ago, this person was walking on the street when a dog
belonging to a family in the neighborhood jumped out and bit him on
the right leg. The wound was moderately deep and bled, but the patient
only washed it with cold water at home and did not get a rabies
vaccine.

On 9 Apr 2025, the male patient began to show signs of fatigue and
sore throat. The next day [10 Apr 2025], his condition worsened with
symptoms of extreme fatigue, difficulty breathing, fear of water, fear
of wind, choking. The family called an ambulance to take him to Binh
Thuan General Hospital for emergency care.

With clinical symptoms combined with medical history, he was diagnosed
with rabies at the hospital. After the doctor explained the condition
and prognosis, the family asked to take him home and the patient died
at home on 11 Apr 2025.

The dog that bit the patient has now been beaten to death. Three other
people in the same area who were also bitten by the same animal have
been vaccinated and given anti-rabies serum.

This is a suspected rabies death in 2025. Previously, 2 people in Ham
Thuan Bac district and one person in Tanh Linh district also died
after being bitten by dogs and cats but did not get rabies
vaccination.

There is currently no specific treatment for rabies, and 100% of
people who develop the disease die. Vaccination is the only
preventative measure.

In 2024, Binh Thuan was also a hot spot for rabies with 10 deaths.

--
Communicated by:
ProMED
via
ProMED-MBDS

["The incubation period of rabies is both prolonged and variable,
depending on the exposure site and dose of viral inoculum. Exposure of
highly innervated tissue is associated with a shorter incubation
period for the development of CNS signs.

"Typically, rabies virus remains at the inoculation site for a
considerable time. The unusual length of the incubation period helps
to explain the effective action of local infiltration of rabies immune
globulin during human post-exposure prophylaxis, even days after
exposure.

"Most clinical cases of rabies in dogs develop within 21-80 days after
exposure; however, the incubation period may be shorter or
considerably longer. One recorded case of rabies in a person in the
United States had an incubation period estimated reliably to be > 8
years"
(https://www.msdvetmanual.com/nervous-system/rabies/rabies-in-animals#Epidemiology_v83306256).

It is assumed that the incriminated dog had not exhibited any clinical
symptoms until the damage was done; otherwise, it could have been
euthanized earlier. The fact that the 3 other people bitten by the
same dog only sought medical attention when the fatal case was known
may suggest that they or their relatives are not fully aware of the
urgency for preventive medical treatment after the bite. They still
deserve praise and this practice must immediately follow the exposure.
- Mod.ST

ProMED map:
Vietnam: https://promedmail.org/promed-post?place=8723698,152]

[See Also:
Rabies (43): Viet Nam (BT) stray cat bite
http://promedmail.org/post/20250413.8723621
Rabies (42): Viet Nam (HO) stray dog bite
http://promedmail.org/post/20250410.8723545
Rabies (31): Viet Nam (DN) dog and cat vaccination campaign
http://promedmail.org/post/20250329.8723242
Rabies (12): Viet Nam (DN) pet dog bite, fatal
http://promedmail.org/post/20250215.8722174
Rabies (10): Viet Nam (DL) rabid dog bite
http://promedmail.org/post/20250212.8722083
Rabies (08): Viet Nam (GL)
http://promedmail.org/post/20250205.8721847
Rabies (03): Viet Nam (DL)
http://promedmail.org/post/20250114.8721335
2024
----
Rabies (104): Viet Nam (BV) dog meat restaurant owner, fatal
http://promedmail.org/post/20241223.8720864
Rabies (102): Viet Nam, national summary, Bangladesh (DH) dog bites,
human exp http://promedmail.org/post/20241214.8720661
Rabies (99): Viet Nam (NA) traditional medicine, fatal
http://promedmail.org/post/20241203.8720411
Rabies (95): Viet Nam (BV) cat scratch
http://promedmail.org/post/20241129.8720317
Rabies (88): Viet Nam (QM) schoolboy, fatal
http://promedmail.org/post/20241102.8719742
Rabies (76): Viet Nam (DN) pet dog bite
http://promedmail.org/post/20240908.8718644
Rabies (66): Viet Nam (HI) stray dog, spread
http://promedmail.org/post/20240815.8718176
Rabies (61): Viet Nam, national summary, increase
http://promedmail.org/post/20240801.8717879
Rabies (59): Viet Nam (GL) cat bite, fatal
http://promedmail.org/post/20240716.8717601
Rabies (57): Viet Nam (GL) long incubation period
http://promedmail.org/post/20240705.8717391
Rabies (54): Viet Nam (TQ, HO) increase, fatal
http://promedmail.org/post/20240620.8717125
Rabies (50): Viet Nam (HI) new directive on dog and cat meat trade
http://promedmail.org/post/20240611.8716978
Rabies (38): Viet Nam, increase
http://promedmail.org/post/20240426.8716166
Rabies (30): Viet Nam, financial implication
http://promedmail.org/post/20240329.8715680
Rabies (29): Viet Nam (HC) human, increase, urgent response
http://promedmail.org/post/20240324.8715592
Rabies (24): Viet Nam (PY) stray dog, human exp
http://promedmail.org/post/20240314.8715393
Rabies (18): Viet Nam (QN) human, dog
http://promedmail.org/post/20240305.8715187
Rabies (16): Viet Nam, increase
http://promedmail.org/post/20240302.8715146
Rabies (13): Viet Nam (CM) dog bite, restaurant owner
http://promedmail.org/post/20240216.8714883
Rabies (04): Viet Nam (PY) dog bite mistaken as scratch from collar,
fatal http://promedmail.org/post/20240113.8714212

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